RNA-guided nucleases and active fragments and variants thereof and methods of use

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for binding to a target sequence of interest are provided. The compositions find use in cleaving or modifying a target sequence of interest, visualization of a target sequence of interest, and modifying the expression of a sequence of interest. Compositions comprise RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptides, CRISPR RNAs, trans-activating CRISPR RNAs, guide RNAs, and nucleic acid molecules encoding the same. Vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid molecules are also provided. Further provided are RGN systems for binding a target sequence of interest, wherein the RGN system comprises an RNA-guided nuclease polypeptide and one or more guide RNAs.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/851,887 filed Jun. 28, 2022, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2021/028843, filed Apr. 23, 2021, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/014,970 filed Apr. 24, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/077,211, filed Sep. 11, 2020, each of which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS AN XML FILE

The application contains a Sequence Listing which is submitted herewith in electronically readable format. The Sequence Listing created on Aug. 31, 2022, is named L103438_1200US_SL.xml and its size is 1.52 MB. The entire contents of the Sequence Listing are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of molecular biology and gene editing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Targeted genome editing or modification is rapidly becoming an important tool for basic and applied research. Initial methods involved engineering nucleases such as meganucleases, zinc finger fusion proteins or TALENs, requiring the generation of chimeric nucleases with engineered, programmable, sequence-specific DNA-binding domains specific for each particular target sequence. RNA-guided nucleases, such as the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) proteins of the CRISPR-Cas bacterial system, allow for the targeting of specific sequences by complexing the nucleases with guide RNA that specifically hybridizes with a particular target sequence. Producing target-specific guide RNAs is less costly and more efficient than generating chimeric nucleases for each target sequence. Such RNA-guided nucleases can be used to edit genomes optionally through the introduction of a sequence-specific, double-stranded break that is repaired via error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) to introduce a mutation at a specific genomic location. Alternatively, heterologous DNA may be introduced into the genomic site via homology-directed repair. RNA-guided nucleases (RGNs) can also be used for base editing when fused with a deaminase.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions and methods for binding a target sequence of interest are provided. The compositions find use in cleaving or modifying a target sequence of interest, detection of a target sequence of interest, and modifying the expression of a sequence of interest. Compositions comprise RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptides, CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs), trans-activating CRISPR RNAs (tracrRNAs), guide RNAs (gRNAs), nucleic acid molecules encoding the same, and vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid molecules. Also provided are RGN systems for binding a target sequence of interest, wherein the RGN system comprises an RNA-guided nuclease polypeptide and one or more guide RNAs. Thus, methods disclosed herein are drawn to binding a target sequence of interest, and in some embodiments, cleaving or modifying the target sequence of interest. The target sequence of interest can be modified, for example, as a result of non-homologous end joining, homology-directed repair with an introduced donor sequence, or base editing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended embodiments. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

I. Overview

RNA-guided nucleases (RGNs) allow for the targeted manipulation of specific site(s) within a genome and are useful in the context of gene targeting for therapeutic and research applications. In a variety of organisms, including mammals, RNA-guided nucleases have been used for genome engineering by stimulating non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination, for example. The compositions and methods described herein are useful for creating single- or double-stranded breaks in polynucleotides, modifying polynucleotides, detecting a particular site within a polynucleotide, or modifying the expression of a particular gene.

The RNA-guided nucleases disclosed herein can alter gene expression by modifying a target sequence. In specific embodiments, the RNA-guided nucleases are directed to the target sequence by a guide RNA (gRNA) as part of a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) RNA-guided nuclease system. The RGNs are considered “RNA-guided” because guide RNAs form a complex with the RNA-guided nucleases to direct the RNA-guided nuclease to bind to a target sequence and in some embodiments, introduce a single-stranded or double-stranded break at the target sequence. After the target sequence has been cleaved, the break can be repaired such that the DNA sequence of the target sequence is modified during the repair process. Thus, provided herein are methods for using the RNA-guided nucleases to modify a target sequence in the DNA of host cells. For example, RNA-guided nucleases can be used to modify a target sequence at a genomic locus of eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells.

II. RNA-Guided Nucleases

Provided herein are RNA-guided nucleases. The term RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) refers to a polypeptide that binds to a particular target nucleotide sequence in a sequence-specific manner and is directed to the target nucleotide sequence by a guide RNA molecule that is complexed with the polypeptide and hybridizes with the target sequence. Although an RNA-guided nuclease can be capable of cleaving the target sequence upon binding, the term RNA-guided nuclease also encompasses nuclease-dead RNA-guided nucleases that are capable of binding to, but not cleaving, a target sequence. Cleavage of a target sequence by an RNA-guided nuclease can result in a single- or double-stranded break. RNA-guided nucleases only capable of cleaving a single strand of a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule are referred to herein as nickases.

The RNA-guided nucleases disclosed herein include the APG06622, APG02787, APG06248, APG06007, APG02874, APG03850, APG07553, APG03031, APG09208, APG05586, APG08770, APG08167, APG01604, APG03021, APG06015, APG09344, APG07991, APG01868, APG02998, APG09298, APG06251, APG03066, APG01560, APG02777, APG05761, APG02479, APG08385, APG09217, and APG06657 RNA-guided nucleases, the amino acid sequences of which are set forth, respectively, as SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and 570-579, and active fragments or variants thereof that retain the ability to bind to a target nucleotide sequence in an RNA-guided sequence-specific manner. In some of these embodiments, the active fragment or variant of the APG06622, APG02787, APG06248, APG06007, APG02874, APG03850, APG07553, APG03031, APG09208, APG05586, APG08770, APG08167, APG01604, APG03021, APG06015, APG09344, APG07991, APG01868, APG02998, APG09298, APG06251, APG03066, APG01560, APG02777, APG05761, APG02479, APG08385, APG09217, or APG06657 RGN is capable of cleaving a single- or double-stranded target sequence. In some embodiments, an active variant of the APG06622, APG02787, APG06248, APG06007, APG02874, APG03850, APG07553, APG03031, APG09208, APG05586, APG08770, APG08167, APG01604, APG03021, APG06015, APG09344, APG07991, APG01868, APG02998, APG09298, APG06251, APG03066, APG01560, APG02777, APG05761, APG02479, APG08385, APG09217, or APG06657 RGN comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579. In certain embodiments, an active fragment of the APG06622, APG02787, APG06248, APG06007, APG02874, APG03850, APG07553, APG03031, APG09208, APG05586, APG08770, APG08167, APG01604, APG03021, APG06015, APG09344, APG07991, APG01868, APG02998, APG09298, APG06251, APG03066, APG01560, APG02777, APG05761, APG02479, APG08385, APG09217, or APG06657 RGN comprises at least 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050 or more contiguous amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579. RNA-guided nucleases provided herein can comprise at least one nuclease domain (e.g., DNase, RNase domain) and at least one RNA recognition and/or RNA binding domain to interact with guide RNAs. Further domains that can be found in RNA-guided nucleases provided herein include, but are not limited to: DNA binding domains, helicase domains, protein-protein interaction domains, and dimerization domains. In specific embodiments, the RNA-guided nucleases provided herein can comprise at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to one or more of a DNA binding domain, helicase domain, protein-protein interaction domain, and dimerization domain.

A target nucleotide sequence is bound by an RNA-guided nuclease provided herein and hybridizes with the guide RNA associated with the RNA-guided nuclease. The target sequence can then be subsequently cleaved by the RNA-guided nuclease if the polypeptide possesses nuclease activity. The terms “cleave” or “cleavage” refer to the hydrolysis of at least one phosphodiester bond within the backbone of a target nucleotide sequence that can result in either single-stranded or double-stranded breaks within the target sequence. The presently disclosed RGNs can cleave nucleotides within a polynucleotide, functioning as an endonuclease or can be an exonuclease, removing successive nucleotides from the end (the 5′ and/or the 3′ end) of a polynucleotide. In other embodiments, the disclosed RGNs can cleave nucleotides of a target sequence within any position of a polynucleotide and thus function as both an endonuclease and exonuclease. The cleavage of a target polynucleotide by the presently disclosed RGNs can result in staggered breaks or blunt ends.

The presently disclosed RNA-guided nucleases can be wild-type sequences derived from bacterial or archaeal species. Alternatively, the RNA-guided nucleases can be variants or fragments of wild-type polypeptides. The wild-type RGN can be modified to alter nuclease activity or alter PAM specificity, for example. In some embodiments, the RNA-guided nuclease is not naturally-occurring.

In certain embodiments, the RNA-guided nuclease functions as a nickase, only cleaving a single strand of the target nucleotide sequence. Such RNA-guided nucleases have a single functioning nuclease domain. In particular embodiments, the nickase is capable of cleaving the positive strand or negative strand. In some of these embodiments, additional nuclease domains have been mutated such that the nuclease activity is reduced or eliminated.

In other embodiments, the RNA-guided nuclease lacks nuclease activity altogether and is referred to herein as nuclease-dead or nuclease inactive. Any method known in the art for introducing mutations into an amino acid sequence, such as PCR-mediated mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis, can be used for generating nickases or nuclease-dead RGNs. See, e.g., U.S. Publ. No. 2014/0068797 and U.S. Pat. No. 9,790,490; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

RNA-guided nucleases that lack nuclease activity can be used to deliver a fused polypeptide, polynucleotide, or small molecule payload to a particular genomic location. In some of these embodiments, the RGN polypeptide or guide RNA can be fused to a detectable label to allow for detection of a particular sequence. As a non-limiting example, a nuclease-dead RGN can be fused to a detectable label (e.g., fluorescent protein) and targeted to a particular sequence associated with a disease to allow for detection of the disease-associated sequence.

Alternatively, nuclease-dead RGNs can be targeted to particular genomic locations to alter the expression of a desired sequence. In some embodiments, the binding of a nuclease-dead RNA-guided nuclease to a target sequence results in the reduction in expression of the target sequence or a gene under transcriptional control by the target sequence by interfering with the binding of RNA polymerase or transcription factors within the targeted genomic region. In other embodiments, the RGN (e.g., a nuclease-dead RGN) or its complexed guide RNA further comprises an expression modulator that, upon binding to a target sequence, serves to either repress or activate the expression of the target sequence or a gene under transcriptional control by the target sequence. In some of these embodiments, the expression modulator modulates the expression of the target sequence or regulated gene through epigenetic mechanisms.

In other embodiments, the nuclease-dead RGNs or an RGN with only nickase activity can be targeted to particular genomic locations to modify the sequence of a target polynucleotide through fusion to a base-editing polypeptide, for example a deaminase polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof, that directly chemically modifies (e.g., deaminates) a nucleobase, resulting in conversion from one nucleotide base to another. The base-editing polypeptide can be fused to the RGN at its N-terminal or C-terminal end. Additionally, the base-editing polypeptide may be fused to the RGN via a peptide linker. A non-limiting example of a deaminase polypeptide that is useful for such compositions and methods includes a cytidine deaminase or an adenosine deaminase (such as the adenine deaminase base editor described in Gaudelli et al. (2017) Nature 551:464-471, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2017/0121693 and 2018/0073012, and International Publ. No. WO 2018/027078, or any of the deaminases disclosed in International Publ. No. WO 2020/139873, and U.S. Provisional Appl. Nos. 63/077,089 filed Sep. 11, 2020, 63/146,840 filed Feb. 8, 2021, and 63/164,273 filed Mar. 22, 2021, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Further, it is known in the art that certain fusion proteins between an RGN and a base-editing enzyme may also comprise at least one uracil stabilizing polypeptide that increases the mutation rate of a cytidine, deoxycytidine, or cytosine to a thymidine, deoxythymidine, or thymine in a nucleic acid molecule by a deaminase. Non-limiting examples of uracil stabilizing polypeptides include those disclosed in U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 63/052,175, filed Jul. 15, 2020, including USP2 (SEQ ID NO: 1089), and a uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) domain (SEQ ID NO: 212), which may increase base editing efficiency. Therefore, a fusion protein may comprise an RGN described herein or variant thereof, a deaminase, and optionally at least one uracil stabilizing polypeptide, such as UGI or USP2. In certain embodiments, the RGN that is fused to the base-editing polypeptide is a nickase that cleaves the DNA strand that is not acted upon by the base-editing polypeptide (e.g., deaminase).

RNA-guided nucleases that are fused to a polypeptide or domain can be separated or joined by a linker. The term “linker,” as used herein, refers to a chemical group or a molecule linking two molecules or moieties, e.g., a binding domain and a cleavage domain of a nuclease. In some embodiments, a linker joins a gRNA binding domain of an RNA guided nuclease and a base-editing polypeptide, such as a deaminase. In some embodiments, a linker joins a nuclease-dead RGN and a deaminase. Typically, the linker is positioned between, or flanked by, two groups, molecules, or other moieties and connected to each one via a covalent bond, thus connecting the two. In some embodiments, the linker is an amino acid or a plurality of amino acids (e.g., a peptide or protein). In some embodiments, the linker is an organic molecule, group, polymer, or chemical moiety. In some embodiments, the linker is 5-100 amino acids in length, for example, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-60, 60-70, 70-80, 80-90, 90-100, 100-150, or 150-200 amino acids in length. Longer or shorter linkers are also contemplated.

The presently disclosed RNA-guided nucleases can comprise at least one nuclear localization signal (NLS) to enhance transport of the RGN to the nucleus of a cell. Nuclear localization signals are known in the art and generally comprise a stretch of basic amino acids (see, e.g., Lange et al., J. Biol. Chem. (2007) 282:5101-5105). In particular embodiments, the RGN comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more nuclear localization signals. The nuclear localization signal(s) can be a heterologous NLS. Non-limiting examples of nuclear localization signals useful for the presently disclosed RGNs are the nuclear localization signals of SV40 Large T-antigen, nucleoplasmin, and c-Myc (see, e.g., Ray et al. (2015) Bioconjug Chem 26(6):1004-7). In particular embodiments, the RGN comprises the NLS sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 251 or 253. The RGN can comprise one or more NLS sequences at its N-terminus, C-terminus, or both the N-terminus and C-terminus. For example, the RGN can comprise two NLS sequences at the N-terminal region and four NLS sequences at the C-terminal region.

Other localization signal sequences known in the art that localize polypeptides to particular subcellular location(s) can also be used to target the RGNs, including, but not limited to, plastid localization sequences, mitochondrial localization sequences, and dual-targeting signal sequences that target to both the plastid and mitochondria (see, e.g., Nassoury and Morse (2005) Biochim Biophys Acta 1743:5-19; Kunze and Berger (2015) Front Physiol dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00259; Herrmann and Neupert (2003) IUBMB Life 55:219-225; Soll (2002) Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:529-535; Carrie and Small (2013) Biochim Biophys Acta 1833:253-259; Carrie et al. (2009) FEBS J 276:1187-1195; Silva-Filho (2003) Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:589-595; Peeters and Small (2001) Biochim Biophys Acta 1541:54-63; Murcha et al. (2014) J Exp Bot 65:6301-6335; Mackenzie (2005) Trends Cell Biol 15:548-554; Glaser et al. (1998) Plant Mol Biol 38:311-338).

In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed RNA-guided nucleases comprise at least one cell-penetrating domain that facilitates cellular uptake of the RGN. Cell-penetrating domains are known in the art and generally comprise stretches of positively charged amino acid residues (i.e., polycationic cell-penetrating domains), alternating polar amino acid residues and non-polar amino acid residues (i.e., amphipathic cell-penetrating domains), or hydrophobic amino acid residues (i.e., hydrophobic cell-penetrating domains) (see, e.g., Milletti F. (2012) Drug Discov Today 17:850-860). A non-limiting example of a cell-penetrating domain is the trans-activating transcriptional activator (TAT) from the human immunodeficiency virus 1.

The nuclear localization signal, plastid localization signal, mitochondrial localization signal, dual-targeting localization signal, and/or cell-penetrating domain can be located at the amino-terminus (N-terminus), the carboxyl-terminus (C-terminus), or in an internal location of the RNA-guided nuclease.

The presently disclosed RGNs can be fused to an effector domain, such as a cleavage domain, a deaminase domain, or an expression modulator domain, either directly or indirectly via a linker peptide. Such a domain can be located at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or an internal location of the RNA-guided nuclease. In some of these embodiments, the RGN component of the fusion protein is a nuclease-dead RGN.

In some embodiments, the RGN fusion protein comprises a cleavage domain, which is any domain that is capable of cleaving a polynucleotide (i.e., RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid) and includes, but is not limited to, restriction endonucleases and homing endonucleases, such as Type IIS endonucleases (e.g., FokI) (see, e.g., Belfort et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3379-3388; Linn et al. (eds.) Nucleases, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993).

In other embodiments, the RGN fusion protein comprises a deaminase domain that deaminates a nucleobase, resulting in conversion from one nucleobase to another, and includes, but is not limited to, a cytidine deaminase or an adenine deaminase base editor (see, e.g., Gaudelli et al. (2017) Nature 551:464-471, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2017/0121693 and 2018/0073012, U.S. Pat. No. 9,840,699, and International Publ. No. WO/2018/027078).

In some embodiments, the effector domain of the RGN fusion protein can be an expression modulator domain, which is a domain that either serves to upregulate or downregulate transcription. The expression modulator domain can be an epigenetic modification domain, a transcriptional repressor domain or a transcriptional activation domain.

In some of these embodiments, the expression modulator of the RGN fusion protein comprises an epigenetic modification domain that covalently modifies DNA or histone proteins to alter histone structure and/or chromosomal structure without altering the DNA sequence, leading to changes in gene expression (i.e., upregulation or downregulation). Non-limiting examples of epigenetic modifications include acetylation or methylation of lysine residues, arginine methylation, serine and threonine phosphorylation, and lysine ubiquitination and sumoylation of histone proteins, and methylation and hydroxymethylation of cytosine residues in DNA. Non-limiting examples of epigenetic modification domains include histone acetyltransferase domains, histone deacetylase domains, histone methyltransferase domains, histone demethylase domains, DNA methyltransferase domains, and DNA demethylase domains.

In other embodiments, the expression modulator of the fusion protein comprises a transcriptional repressor domain, which interacts with transcriptional control elements and/or transcriptional regulatory proteins, such as RNA polymerases and transcription factors, to reduce or terminate transcription of at least one gene. Transcriptional repressor domains are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, Sp1-like repressors, IκB, and Krüppel associated box (KRAB) domains.

In yet other embodiments, the expression modulator of the fusion protein comprises a transcriptional activation domain, which interacts with transcriptional control elements and/or transcriptional regulatory proteins, such as RNA polymerases and transcription factors, to increase or activate transcription of at least one gene. Transcriptional activation domains are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, a herpes simplex virus VP16 activation domain and an NFAT activation domain.

The presently disclosed RGN polypeptides can comprise a detectable label or a purification tag. The detectable label or purification tag can be located at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or an internal location of the RNA-guided nuclease, either directly or indirectly via a linker peptide. In some of these embodiments, the RGN component of the fusion protein is a nuclease-dead RGN. In other embodiments, the RGN component of the fusion protein is an RGN with nickase activity.

A detectable label is a molecule that can be visualized or otherwise observed. The detectable label may be fused to the RGN as a fusion protein (e.g., fluorescent protein) or may be a small molecule conjugated to the RGN polypeptide that can be detected visually or by other means. Detectable labels that can be fused to the presently disclosed RGNs as a fusion protein include any detectable protein domain, including but not limited to, a fluorescent protein or a protein domain that can be detected with a specific antibody. Non-limiting examples of fluorescent proteins include green fluorescent proteins (e.g., GFP, EGFP, ZsGreen1) and yellow fluorescent proteins (e.g., YFP, EYFP, ZsYellow1). Non-limiting examples of small molecule detectable labels include radioactive labels, such as ³H and ³⁵S.

RGN polypeptides can also comprise a purification tag, which is any molecule that can be utilized to isolate a protein or fused protein from a mixture (e.g., biological sample, culture medium). Non-limiting examples of purification tags include biotin, myc, maltose binding protein (MBP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and 3×FLAG tag.

II. Guide RNA

The present disclosure provides guide RNAs and polynucleotides encoding the same. The term “guide RNA” refers to a nucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity with a target nucleotide sequence to hybridize with the target sequence and direct sequence-specific binding of an associated RNA-guided nuclease to the target nucleotide sequence. Thus, an RGN's respective guide RNA is one or more RNA molecules (generally, one or two), that can bind to the RGN and guide the RGN to bind to a particular target nucleotide sequence, and in those embodiments wherein the RGN has nickase or nuclease activity, also cleave the target nucleotide sequence. In general, a guide RNA comprises a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA). Native guide RNAs that comprise both a crRNA and a tracrRNA generally comprise two separate RNA molecules that hybridize to each other through the repeat sequence of the crRNA and the anti-repeat sequence of the tracrRNA.

Native direct repeat sequences within a CRISPR array generally range in length from 28 to 37 base pairs, although the length can vary between about 23 bp to about 55 bp. Spacer sequences within a CRISPR array generally range from about 32 to about 38 bp in length, although the length can be between about 21 bp to about 72 bp. Each CRISPR array generally comprises less than 50 units of the CRISPR repeat-spacer sequence. The CRISPRs are transcribed as part of a long transcript termed the primary CRISPR transcript, which comprises much of the CRISPR array. The primary CRISPR transcript is cleaved by Cas proteins to produce crRNAs or in some cases, to produce pre-crRNAs that are further processed by additional Cas proteins into mature crRNAs. Mature crRNAs comprise a spacer sequence and a CRISPR repeat sequence. In some embodiments in which pre-crRNAs are processed into mature (or processed) crRNAs, maturation involves the removal of about one to about six or more 5′, 3′, or 5′ and 3′ nucleotides. For the purposes of genome editing or targeting a particular target nucleotide sequence of interest, these nucleotides that are removed during maturation of the pre-crRNA molecule are not necessary for generating or designing a guide RNA.

A CRISPR RNA (crRNA) comprises a spacer sequence and a CRISPR repeat sequence. The “spacer sequence” is the nucleotide sequence that directly hybridizes with the target nucleotide sequence of interest. The spacer sequence is engineered to be fully or partially complementary with the target sequence of interest. In various embodiments, the spacer sequence can comprise from about 8 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, or more. For example, the spacer sequence can be about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the spacer sequence is 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the spacer sequence is about 10 to about 26 nucleotides in length, or about 12 to about 30 nucleotides in length. In particular embodiments, the spacer sequence is about 30 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the spacer sequence is 30 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a spacer sequence and its corresponding target sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is between 50% and 99% or more, including but not limited to about or more than about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more. In particular embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a spacer sequence and its corresponding target sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more. In particular embodiments, the spacer sequence is free of secondary structure, which can be predicted using any suitable polynucleotide folding algorithm known in the art, including but not limited to mFold (see, e.g., Zuker and Stiegler (1981) Nucleic Acids Res. 9:133-148) and RNAfold (see, e.g., Gruber et al. (2008) Cell 106(1):23-24).

The CRISPR RNA repeat sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence that forms a structure, either on its own or in concert with a hybridized tracrRNA, that is recognized by the RGN molecule. In various embodiments, the CRISPR RNA repeat sequence can comprise from about 8 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, or more. For example, the CRISPR repeat sequence can be about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, or more nucleotides in length. In particular embodiments, the CRISPR repeat sequence is 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a CRISPR repeat sequence and its corresponding tracrRNA sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more. In particular embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a CRISPR repeat sequence and its corresponding tracrRNA sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more.

In particular embodiments, the CRISPR repeat sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124, or an active variant or fragment thereof that when comprised within a guide RNA, is capable of directing the sequence-specific binding of an associated RNA-guided nuclease provided herein to a target sequence of interest. In certain embodiments, an active CRISPR repeat sequence variant of a wild-type sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124. In certain embodiments, an active CRISPR repeat sequence fragment of a wild-type sequence comprises at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124.

In certain embodiments, the crRNA is not naturally-occurring. In some of these embodiments, the specific CRISPR repeat sequence is not linked to the engineered spacer sequence in nature and the CRISPR repeat sequence is considered heterologous to the spacer sequence. In certain embodiments, the spacer sequence is an engineered sequence that is not naturally occurring.

A trans-activating CRISPR RNA or tracrRNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising a region that has sufficient complementarity to hybridize to a CRISPR repeat sequence of a crRNA, which is referred to herein as the anti-repeat region. In some embodiments, the tracrRNA molecule further comprises a region with secondary structure (e.g., stem-loop) or forms secondary structure upon hybridizing with its corresponding crRNA. In particular embodiments, the region of the tracrRNA that is fully or partially complementary to a CRISPR repeat sequence is at the 5′ end of the molecule and the 3′ end of the tracrRNA comprises secondary structure. This region of secondary structure generally comprises several hairpin structures, including the nexus hairpin, which is found adjacent to the anti-repeat sequence. The nexus forms the core of the interactions between the guide RNA and the RGN, and is at the intersection between the guide RNA, the RGN, and the target DNA. The nexus hairpin often has a conserved nucleotide sequence in the base of the hairpin stem, with the motif UNANNC (SEQ ID NO: 132) found in many nexus hairpins in tracrRNAs. Interestingly, several of the RGNS of the invention use tracrRNAs that comprise non-canonical sequences in the base of the hairpin stem of their nexus hairpins, including UNANNA, UNANNU, UNANNG, and CNANNC (SEQ ID NOs: 129, 130, 131, and 133, respectively). There are often terminal hairpins at the 3′ end of the tracrRNA that can vary in structure and number, but often comprise a GC-rich Rho-independent transcriptional terminator hairpin followed by a string of U's at the 3′ end. See, for example, Briner et al. (2014) Molecular Cell 56:333-339, Briner and Barrangou (2016) Cold Spring Harb Protoc; doi: 10.1101/pdb.top090902, and U.S. Publication No. 2017/0275648, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In various embodiments, the anti-repeat region of the tracrRNA that is fully or partially complementary to the CRISPR repeat sequence comprises from about 8 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, or more. For example, the region of base pairing between the tracrRNA anti-repeat sequence and the CRISPR repeat sequence can be about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24, about 25, about 26, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, or more nucleotides in length. In particular embodiments, the region of base pairing between the tracrRNA anti-repeat sequence and the CRISPR repeat sequence is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a CRISPR repeat sequence and its corresponding tracrRNA anti-repeat sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more. In particular embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a CRISPR repeat sequence and its corresponding tracrRNA anti-repeat sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more.

In various embodiments, the entire tracrRNA can comprise from about 60 nucleotides to more than about 210 nucleotides. For example, the tracrRNA can be about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 120, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, or more nucleotides in length. In particular embodiments, the tracrRNA is 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210 or more nucleotides in length. In particular embodiments, the tracrRNA is about 80 to about 90 nucleotides in length, including about 80, about 81, about 82, about 83, about 84, about 85, about 86, about 87, about 88, about 89, and about 90 nucleotides in length. In particular embodiments, the tracrRNA is 80 to 90 nucleotides in length, including 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, and 90 nucleotides in length.

In particular embodiments, the tracrRNA comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125, or an active variant or fragment thereof that when comprised within a guide RNA is capable of directing the sequence-specific binding of an associated RNA-guided nuclease provided herein to a target sequence of interest. In certain embodiments, an active tracrRNA sequence variant of a wild-type sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125. In certain embodiments, an active tracrRNA sequence fragment of a wild-type sequence comprises at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, or more contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125.

Two polynucleotide sequences can be considered to be substantially complementary when the two sequences hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. Likewise, an RGN is considered to bind to a particular target sequence within a sequence-specific manner if the guide RNA bound to the RGN binds to the target sequence under stringent conditions. By “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” is intended conditions under which the two polynucleotide sequences will hybridize to each other to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short sequences (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long sequences (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1.0 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C. Optionally, wash buffers may comprise about 0.1% to about 1% SDS. Duration of hybridization is generally less than about 24 hours, usually about 4 to about 12 hours. The duration of the wash time will be at least a length of time sufficient to reach equilibrium.

The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched sequence. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the Tm can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl (1984) Anal. Biochem. 138:267-284: Tm=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3, or 4° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired Tm, those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2 (Elsevier, New York); and Ausubel et al., eds. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2 (Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York). See Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, New York).

The term “sequence specific” can also refer to the binding of a target sequence at a greater frequency than binding to a randomized background sequence.

The guide RNA can be a single guide RNA or a dual-guide RNA system. A single guide RNA comprises the crRNA and tracrRNA on a single molecule of RNA, whereas a dual-guide RNA system comprises a crRNA and a tracrRNA present on two distinct RNA molecules, hybridized to one another through at least a portion of the CRISPR repeat sequence of the crRNA and at least a portion of the tracrRNA, which may be fully or partially complementary to the CRISPR repeat sequence of the crRNA. In some of those embodiments wherein the guide RNA is a single guide RNA, the crRNA and tracrRNA are separated by a linker nucleotide sequence. In general, the linker nucleotide sequence is one that does not include complementary bases in order to avoid the formation of secondary structure within or comprising nucleotides of the linker nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the linker nucleotide sequence between the crRNA and tracrRNA is at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, or more nucleotides in length. In particular embodiments, the linker nucleotide sequence of a single guide RNA is at least 4 nucleotides in length. In certain embodiments, the linker nucleotide sequence is the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 249.

The single guide RNA or dual-guide RNA can be synthesized chemically or via in vitro transcription. Assays for determining sequence-specific binding between an RGN and a guide RNA are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, in vitro binding assays between an expressed RGN and the guide RNA, which can be tagged with a detectable label (e.g., biotin) and used in a pull-down detection assay in which the guide RNA:RGN complex is captured via the detectable label (e.g., with streptavidin beads). A control guide RNA with an unrelated sequence or structure to the guide RNA can be used as a negative control for non-specific binding of the RGN to RNA. In certain embodiments, the guide RNA is SEQ ID NO: 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, 46, 53, 59, 66, 73, 79, 86, 92, 99, 106, 113, 120, or 126, wherein the spacer sequence can be any sequence and is indicated as a poly-N sequence.

In certain embodiments, the guide RNA can be introduced into a target cell, organelle, or embryo as an RNA molecule. The guide RNA can be transcribed in vitro or chemically synthesized. In other embodiments, a nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA is introduced into the cell, organelle, or embryo. In some of these embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the guide RNA is operably linked to a promoter (e.g., an RNA polymerase III promoter). The promoter can be a native promoter or heterologous to the guide RNA-encoding nucleotide sequence.

In various embodiments, the guide RNA can be introduced into a target cell, organelle, or embryo as a ribonucleoprotein complex, as described herein, wherein the guide RNA is bound to an RNA-guided nuclease polypeptide.

The guide RNA directs an associated RNA-guided nuclease to a particular target nucleotide sequence of interest through hybridization of the guide RNA to the target nucleotide sequence. A target nucleotide sequence can comprise DNA, RNA, or a combination of both and can be single-stranded or double-stranded. A target nucleotide sequence can be genomic DNA (i.e., chromosomal DNA), plasmid DNA, or an RNA molecule (e.g., messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, micro RNA, small interfering RNA). The target nucleotide sequence can be bound (and in some embodiments, cleaved) by an RNA-guided nuclease in vitro or in a cell. The chromosomal sequence targeted by the RGN can be a nuclear, plastid or mitochondrial chromosomal sequence. In some embodiments, the target nucleotide sequence is unique in the target genome.

The target nucleotide sequence is adjacent to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). A protospacer adjacent motif is generally within about 1 to about 10 nucleotides from the target nucleotide sequence, including about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 nucleotides from the target nucleotide sequence. In particular embodiments, a PAM is within 1 to 10 nucleotides from the target nucleotide sequence, including 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides from the target nucleotide sequence. The PAM can be 5′ or 3′ of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the PAM is 3′ of the target sequence for the presently disclosed RGNs. Generally, the PAM is a consensus sequence of about 3-4 nucleotides, but in particular embodiments it can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or more nucleotides in length. In various embodiments, the PAM sequence recognized by the presently disclosed RGNs comprises the consensus sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 62, 69, 79, 82, 95, 102, 109, or 116.

In particular embodiments, an RNA-guided nuclease having SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579 or an active variant or fragment thereof binds a target nucleotide sequence adjacent to a PAM sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 62, 69, 79, 82, 95, 102, 109, or 116. In some of these embodiments, the RGN binds to a guide sequence comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124, respectively, or an active variant or fragment thereof, and a tracrRNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125, respectively, or an active variant or fragment thereof. The RGN systems are described further in Examples 1-3 and Tables 1 and 2 of the present specification.

Variants of RGN APG05586 (SEQ ID NO: 63) were produced and have amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 570-579. RGNs having any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579 can bind a target nucleotide sequence adjacent to a PAM sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 79. In some embodiments, the variants of RGN APG05586 bind to a guide sequence comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64 and may also comprise a tracrRNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65. These RGN systems are described further in Example 5 of the present specification.

It is well-known in the art that PAM sequence specificity for a given nuclease enzyme is affected by enzyme concentration (see, e.g., Karvelis et al. (2015) Genome Biol 16:253), which may be modified by altering the promoter used to express the RGN, or the amount of ribonucleoprotein complex delivered to the cell, organelle, or embryo.

Upon recognizing its corresponding PAM sequence, the RGN can cleave the target nucleotide sequence at a specific cleavage site. As used herein, a cleavage site is made up of the two particular nucleotides within a target nucleotide sequence between which the nucleotide sequence is cleaved by an RGN. The cleavage site can comprise the 1^(st) and 2^(nd), 2^(nd) and 3^(rd), 3^(rd) and 4^(th) 4^(th) and 5^(th) 5^(th) and 6^(th), 7^(th) and 8^(th), or 8^(th) and 9^(th) nucleotides from the PAM in either the 5′ or 3′ direction. In some embodiments, the cleavage site may be over 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides from the PAM in either the 5′ or 3′ direction. As RGNs can cleave a target nucleotide sequence resulting in staggered ends, in some embodiments, the cleavage site is defined based on the distance of the two nucleotides from the PAM on the positive (+) strand of the polynucleotide and the distance of the two nucleotides from the PAM on the negative (−) strand of the polynucleotide.

III. Nucleotides Encoding RNA-Guided Nucleases, CRISPR RNA, and/or tracrRNA

The present disclosure provides polynucleotides comprising the presently disclosed CRISPR RNAs, tracrRNAs, and/or sgRNAs and polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the presently disclosed RNA-guided nucleases, CRISPR RNAs, tracrRNAs, and/or sgRNAs. Presently disclosed polynucleotides include those comprising or encoding a CRISPR repeat sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124, or an active variant or fragment thereof that when comprised within a guide RNA is capable of directing the sequence-specific binding of an associated RNA-guided nuclease to a target sequence of interest. Also disclosed are polynucleotides comprising or encoding a tracrRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125, or an active variant or fragment thereof that when comprised within a guide RNA is capable of directing the sequence-specific binding of an associated RNA-guided nuclease to a target sequence of interest. Polynucleotides are also provided that encode an RNA-guided nuclease comprising the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, and active fragments or variants thereof that retain the ability to bind to a target nucleotide sequence in an RNA-guided sequence-specific manner.

The use of the term “polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid molecule” is not intended to limit the present disclosure to polynucleotides comprising DNA. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that polynucleotides can comprise ribonucleotides (RNA) and combinations of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Such deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides include both naturally occurring molecules and synthetic analogues. These include peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), PNA-DNA chimers, locked nucleic acids (LNAs), and phosphothiorate linked sequences. The polynucleotides disclosed herein also encompass all forms of sequences including, but not limited to, single-stranded forms, double-stranded forms, DNA-RNA hybrids, triplex structures, stem-and-loop structures, and the like.

The nucleic acid molecules encoding RGNs can be codon optimized for expression in an organism of interest. A “codon-optimized” coding sequence is a polynucleotide coding sequence having its frequency of codon usage designed to mimic the frequency of preferred codon usage or transcription conditions of a particular host cell. Expression in the particular host cell or organism is enhanced as a result of the alteration of one or more codons at the nucleic acid level such that the translated amino acid sequence is not changed. Nucleic acid molecules can be codon optimized, either wholly or in part. Codon tables and other references providing preference information for a wide range of organisms are available in the art (see, e.g., Campbell and Gown (1990) Plant Physiol. 92:1-11 for a discussion of plant-preferred codon usage). Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred genes or mammalian (for example human) codon-optimized coding sequences. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Polynucleotides encoding the RGNs, crRNAs, tracrRNAs, and/or sgRNAs provided herein can be provided in expression cassettes for in vitro expression or expression in a cell, organelle, embryo, or organism of interest. The cassette will include 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to a polynucleotide encoding an RGN, crRNA, tracrRNAs, and/or sgRNAs provided herein that allows for expression of the polynucleotide. The cassette may additionally contain at least one additional gene or genetic element to be cotransformed into the organism. Where additional genes or elements are included, the components are operably linked. The term “operably linked” is intended to mean a functional linkage between two or more elements. For example, an operable linkage between a promoter and a coding region of interest (e.g., region coding for an RGN, crRNA, tracrRNAs, and/or sgRNAs) is a functional link that allows for expression of the coding region of interest. Operably linked elements may be contiguous or non-contiguous. When used to refer to the joining of two protein coding regions, by operably linked is intended that the coding regions are in the same reading frame. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) or element(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes. For example, the nucleotide sequence encoding a presently disclosed RGN can be present on one expression cassette, whereas the nucleotide sequence encoding a crRNA, tracrRNA, or complete guide RNA can be on a separate expression cassette. Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites and/or recombination sites for insertion of the polynucleotides to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions. The expression cassette may additionally contain a selectable marker gene.

The expression cassette will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional (and, in some embodiments, translational) initiation region (i.e., a promoter), an RGN-, crRNA-, tracrRNA- and/or sgRNA-encoding polynucleotide of the invention, and a transcriptional (and in some embodiments, translational) termination region (i.e., termination region) functional in the organism of interest. The promoters of the invention are capable of directing or driving expression of a coding sequence in a host cell. The regulatory regions (e.g., promoters, transcriptional regulatory regions, and translational termination regions) may be endogenous or heterologous to the host cell or to each other. As used herein, “heterologous” in reference to a sequence is a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151-158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:9627-9639.

Additional regulatory signals include, but are not limited to, transcriptional initiation start sites, operators, activators, enhancers, other regulatory elements, ribosomal binding sites, an initiation codon, termination signals, and the like. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,039,523 and 4,853,331; EPO 0480762A2; Sambrook et al. (1992) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, ed. Maniatis et al. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), hereinafter “Sambrook 11”; Davis et al., eds. (1980) Advanced Bacterial Genetics (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press), Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., and the references cited therein.

In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved.

A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. The promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. The nucleic acids can be combined with constitutive, inducible, growth stage-specific, cell type-specific, tissue-preferred, tissue-specific, or other promoters for expression in the organism of interest. See, for example, promoters set forth in WO 99/43838 and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,575,425; 7,790,846; 8,147,856; 8,586832; 7,772,369; 7,534,939; 6,072,050; 5,659,026; 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; and 6,177,611; herein incorporated by reference.

For expression in plants, constitutive promoters also include CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); and MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730).

Examples of inducible promoters are the Adh1 promoter which is inducible by hypoxia or cold stress, the Hsp70 promoter which is inducible by heat stress, the PPDK promoter and the pepcarboxylase promoter which are both inducible by light. Also useful are promoters which are chemically inducible, such as the In2-2 promoter which is safener induced (U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,780), the Axig 1 promoter which is auxin induced and tapetum specific but also active in callus (PCT US01/22169), the steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the ERE promoter which is estrogen induced, and the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10421-10425 and McNellis et al. (1998) Plant J. 14(2):247-257) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 227:229-237, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156), herein incorporated by reference.

Tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters can be utilized to target expression of an expression construct within a particular tissue. In certain embodiments, the tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters are active in plant tissue. Examples of promoters under developmental control in plants include promoters that initiate transcription preferentially in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, fruit, seeds, or flowers. A “tissue specific” promoter is a promoter that initiates transcription only in certain tissues. Unlike constitutive expression of genes, tissue-specific expression is the result of several interacting levels of gene regulation. As such, promoters from homologous or closely related plant species can be preferable to use to achieve efficient and reliable expression of transgenes in particular tissues. In some embodiments, the expression comprises a tissue-preferred promoter. A “tissue preferred” promoter is a promoter that initiates transcription preferentially, but not necessarily entirely or solely in certain tissues.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules encoding an RGN, crRNA, and/or tracrRNA comprise a cell type-specific promoter. A “cell type specific” promoter is a promoter that primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs. Some examples of plant cells in which cell type specific promoters functional in plants may be primarily active include, for example, BETL cells, vascular cells in roots, leaves, stalk cells, and stem cells. The nucleic acid molecules can also include cell type preferred promoters. A “cell type preferred” promoter is a promoter that primarily drives expression mostly, but not necessarily entirely or solely in certain cell types in one or more organs. Some examples of plant cells in which cell type preferred promoters functional in plants may be preferentially active include, for example, BETL cells, vascular cells in roots, leaves, stalk cells, and stem cells.

The nucleic acid sequences encoding the RGNs, crRNAs, tracrRNAs, and/or sgRNAs can be operably linked to a promoter sequence that is recognized by a phage RNA polymerase for example, for in vitro mRNA synthesis. In such embodiments, the in vitro-transcribed RNA can be purified for use in the methods described herein. For example, the promoter sequence can be a T7, T3, or SP6 promoter sequence or a variation of a T7, T3, or SP6 promoter sequence. In such embodiments, the expressed protein and/or RNAs can be purified for use in the methods of genome modification described herein.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the RGN, crRNA, tracrRNA, and/or sgRNA also can be linked to a polyadenylation signal (e.g., SV40 polyA signal and other signals functional in plants) and/or at least one transcriptional termination sequence. Additionally, the sequence encoding the RGN also can be linked to sequence(s) encoding at least one nuclear localization signal, at least one cell-penetrating domain, and/or at least one signal peptide capable of trafficking proteins to particular subcellular locations, as described elsewhere herein.

The polynucleotide encoding the RGN, crRNA, tracrRNA, and/or sgRNA can be present in a vector or multiple vectors. A “vector” refers to a polynucleotide composition for transferring, delivering, or introducing a nucleic acid into a host cell. Suitable vectors include plasmid vectors, phagemids, cosmids, artificial/mini-chromosomes, transposons, and viral vectors (e.g., lentiviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, baculoviral vector). The vector can comprise additional expression control sequences (e.g., enhancer sequences, Kozak sequences, polyadenylation sequences, transcriptional termination sequences), selectable marker sequences (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes), origins of replication, and the like. Additional information can be found in “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Ausubel et al., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003 or “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” Sambrook & Russell, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 3rd edition, 2001.

The vector can also comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D).

In some embodiments, the expression cassette or vector comprising the sequence encoding the RGN polypeptide can further comprise a sequence encoding a crRNA and/or a tracrRNA, or the crRNA and tracrRNA combined to create a guide RNA. The sequence(s) encoding the crRNA and/or tracrRNA can be operably linked to at least one transcriptional control sequence for expression of the crRNA and/or tracrRNA in the organism or host cell of interest. For example, the polynucleotide encoding the crRNA and/or tracrRNA can be operably linked to a promoter sequence that is recognized by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). Examples of suitable Pol III promoters include, but are not limited to, mammalian U6, U3, H1, and 7SL RNA promoters and rice U6 and U3 promoters.

As indicated, expression constructs comprising nucleotide sequences encoding the RGNs, crRNA, tracrRNA, and/or sgRNA can be used to transform organisms of interest. Methods for transformation involve introducing a nucleotide construct into an organism of interest. By “introducing” is intended to introduce the nucleotide construct to the host cell in such a manner that the construct gains access to the interior of the host cell. The methods of the invention do not require a particular method for introducing a nucleotide construct to a host organism, only that the nucleotide construct gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the host organism. The host cell can be a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell. In particular embodiments, the eukaryotic host cell is a plant cell, a mammalian cell, an avian cell, or an insect cell. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell that comprises or expresses a presently disclosed RGN or that has been modified by a presently disclosed RGN is a human cell. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic cell that comprises or expresses a presently disclosed RGN or that has been modified by a presently disclosed RGN is a cell of hematopoietic origin, such as an immune cell (i.e., a cell of the innate or adaptive immune system) including but not limited to a B cell, a T cell, a natural killer (NK) cell, a pluripotent stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, a chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell, a monocyte, a macrophage, and a dendritic cell.

Methods for introducing nucleotide constructs into plants and other host cells are known in the art including, but not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods.

The methods result in a transformed organism, such as a plant, including whole plants, as well as plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seeds, plant cells, propagules, embryos and progeny of the same. Plant cells can be differentiated or undifferentiated (e.g. callus, suspension culture cells, protoplasts, leaf cells, root cells, phloem cells, pollen).

“Transgenic organisms” or “transformed organisms” or “stably transformed” organisms or cells or tissues refers to organisms that have incorporated or integrated a polynucleotide encoding an RGN, crRNA, and/or tracrRNA of the invention. It is recognized that other exogenous or endogenous nucleic acid sequences or DNA fragments may also be incorporated into the host cell. Agrobacterium- and biolistic-mediated transformation remain the two predominantly employed approaches for transformation of plant cells. However, transformation of a host cell may be performed by infection, transfection, microinjection, electroporation, microprojection, biolistics or particle bombardment, electroporation, silica/carbon fibers, ultrasound mediated, PEG mediated, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, polycation DMSO technique, DEAE dextran procedure, and viral mediated, liposome mediated and the like. Viral-mediated introduction of a polynucleotide encoding an RGN, crRNA, and/or tracrRNA includes retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral, and adeno-associated viral mediated introduction and expression, as well as the use of Caulimoviruses, Geminiviruses, and RNA plant viruses.

Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing polypeptides or polynucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of host cell (e.g., monocot or dicot plant cell) targeted for transformation. Methods for transformation are known in the art and include those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,575,425; 7,692,068; 8,802,934; 7,541,517; each of which is herein incorporated by reference. See, also, Rakoczy-Trojanowska, M. (2002) Cell Mol Biol Lett. 7:849-858; Jones et al. (2005) Plant Methods 1:5; Rivera et al. (2012) Physics of Life Reviews 9:308-345; Bartlett et al. (2008) Plant Methods 4:1-12; Bates, G. W. (1999) Methods in Molecular Biology 111:359-366; Binns and Thomashow (1988) Annual Reviews in Microbiology 42:575-606; Christou, P. (1992) The Plant Journal 2:275-281; Christou, P. (1995) Euphytica 85:13-27; Tzfira et al. (2004) TRENDS in Genetics 20:375-383; Yao et al. (2006) Journal of Experimental Botany 57:3737-3746; Zupan and Zambryski (1995) Plant Physiology 107:1041-1047; Jones et al. (2005) Plant Methods 1:5;

Transformation may result in stable or transient incorporation of the nucleic acid into the cell. “Stable transformation” is intended to mean that the nucleotide construct introduced into a host cell integrates into the genome of the host cell and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof. “Transient transformation” is intended to mean that a polynucleotide is introduced into the host cell and does not integrate into the genome of the host cell.

Methods for transformation of chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8526-8530; Svab and Maliga (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:913-917; Svab and Maliga (1993) EMBO J. 12:601-606. The method relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation can be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase. Such a system has been reported in McBride et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7301-7305.

The cells that have been transformed may be grown into a transgenic organism, such as a plant, in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved. In this manner, the present invention provides transformed seed (also referred to as “transgenic seed”) having a nucleotide construct of the invention, for example, an expression cassette of the invention, stably incorporated into their genome.

Alternatively, cells that have been transformed may be introduced into an organism. These cells could have originated from the organism, wherein the cells are transformed in an ex vivo approach.

The sequences provided herein may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plants of interest include, but are not limited to, corn (maize), sorghum, wheat, sunflower, tomato, crucifers, peppers, potato, cotton, rice, soybean, sugarbeet, sugarcane, tobacco, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., alfalfa, rye, millet, safflower, peanuts, sweet potato, cassava, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papaya, cashew, macadamia, almond, oats, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.

Vegetables include, but are not limited to, tomatoes, lettuce, green beans, lima beans, peas, and members of the genus Curcumis such as cucumber, cantaloupe, and musk melon. Ornamentals include, but are not limited to, azalea, hydrangea, hibiscus, roses, tulips, daffodils, petunias, carnation, poinsettia, and chrysanthemum. Preferably, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, maize, sorghum, wheat, sunflower, tomato, crucifers, peppers, potato, cotton, rice, soybean, sugarbeet, sugarcane, tobacco, barley, oilseed rape, etc.).

As used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, leaves, flowers, branches, fruit, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, and the like. Grain is intended to mean the mature seed produced by commercial growers for purposes other than growing or reproducing the species. Progeny, variants, and mutants of the regenerated plants are also included within the scope of the invention, provided that these parts comprise the introduced polynucleotides. Further provided is a processed plant product or byproduct that retains the sequences disclosed herein, including for example, soymeal.

The polynucleotides encoding the RGNs, crRNAs, and/or tracrRNAs can also be used to transform any prokaryotic species, including but not limited to, archaea and bacteria (e.g., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp. Streptomyces sp., Rhizobium sp., Escherichia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Vibrio sp., Yersinia sp., Mycoplasma sp., Agrobacterium, Lactobacillus sp.).

The polynucleotides encoding the RGNs, crRNAs, and/or tracrRNAs can be used to transform any eukaryotic species, including but not limited to animals (e.g., mammals, insects, fish, birds, and reptiles), fungi, amoeba, algae, and yeast.

Conventional viral and non-viral based gene transfer methods can be used to introduce nucleic acids in mammalian, insect, or avian cells or target tissues. Such methods can be used to administer nucleic acids encoding components of an RGN system to cells in culture, or in a host organism. Non-viral vector delivery systems include DNA plasmids, RNA (e.g. a transcript of a vector described herein), naked nucleic acid, and nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle, such as a liposome. Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes after delivery to the cell. For a review of gene therapy procedures, see Anderson, Science 256: 808-813 (1992); Nabel & Feigner, TIBTECH 11:211-217 (1993); Mitani & Caskey, TIBTECH 11:162-166 (1993); Dillon, TIBTECH 11:167-175 (1993); Miller, Nature 357:455-460 (1992); Van Brunt, Biotechnology 6(10): 1149-1154 (1988); Vigne, Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 8:35-36 (1995); Kremer & Perricaudet, British Medical Bulletin 51(1):31-44 (1995); Haddada et al., in Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Doerfler and Bohm (eds) (1995); and Yu et al., Gene Therapy 1:13-26 (1994).

Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA. Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., Transfectam™ and Lipofectin™). Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Feigner, WO 91/17424; WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (e.g. in vitro or ex vivo administration) or target tissues (e.g. in vivo administration). The preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes, is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).

The use of RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids takes advantage of highly evolved processes for targeting a virus to specific cells in the body and trafficking the viral payload to the nucleus. Viral vectors can be administered directly to patients (in vivo) or they can be used to treat cells in vitro, and the modified cells may optionally be administered to patients (ex vivo). Conventional viral based systems could include retroviral, lentivirus, adenoviral, adeno-associated and herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer. Integration in the host genome is possible with the retrovirus, lentivirus, and adeno-associated virus gene transfer methods, often resulting in long term expression of the inserted transgene. Additionally, high transduction efficiencies have been observed in many different cell types and target tissues.

The tropism of a retrovirus can be altered by incorporating foreign envelope proteins, expanding the potential target population of target cells. Lentiviral vectors are retroviral vectors that are able to transduce or infect non-dividing cells and typically produce high viral titers. Selection of a retroviral gene transfer system would therefore depend on the target tissue. Retroviral vectors are comprised of cis-acting long terminal repeats with packaging capacity for up to 6-10 kb of foreign sequence. The minimum cis-acting LTRs are sufficient for replication and packaging of the vectors, which are then used to integrate the therapeutic gene into the target cell to provide permanent transgene expression. Widely used retroviral vectors include those based upon murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), Simian Immuno deficiency virus (SIV), human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), and combinations thereof (see, e.g., Buchscher et al., J. Viral. 66:2731-2739 (1992); Johann et al., J. Viral. 66:1635-1640 (1992); Sommnerfelt et al., Viral. 176:58-59 (1990); Wilson et al., J. Viral. 63:2374-2378 (1989); Miller et al., I. Viral. 65:2220-2224 (1991); PCT/US94/05700).

In applications where transient expression is preferred, adenoviral based systems may be used. Adenoviral based vectors are capable of very high transduction efficiency in many cell types and do not require cell division. With such vectors, high titer and levels of expression have been obtained. This vector can be produced in large quantities in a relatively simple system. Adeno-associated virus (“AAV”) vectors may also be used to transduce cells with target nucleic acids, e.g., in the in vitro production of nucleic acids and peptides, and for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy procedures (see, e.g., West et al., Virology 160:38-47 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368; WO 93/24641; Katin, Human Gene Therapy 5:793-801 (1994); Muzyczka, I. Clin. Invest. 94:1351 (1994). Construction of recombinant AAV vectors are described in a number of publications, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,414; Tratschin et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3251-3260 (1985); Tratschin, et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2072-2081 (1984); Hermonat & Muzyczka, PNAS 81:6466-6470 (1984); and Samulski et al., I. Viral. 63:03822-3828 (1989). Packaging cells are typically used to form virus particles that are capable of infecting a host cell. Such cells include 293 cells, which package adenovirus, and ψJ2 cells or PA317 cells, which package retrovirus.

Viral vectors used in gene therapy are usually generated by producing a cell line that packages a nucleic acid vector into a viral particle. The vectors typically contain the minimal viral sequences required for packaging and subsequent integration into a host, other viral sequences being replaced by an expression cassette for the polynucleotide(s) to be expressed. The missing viral functions are typically supplied in trans by the packaging cell line. For example, AAV vectors used in gene therapy typically only possess ITR sequences from the AAV genome which are required for packaging and integration into the host genome. Viral DNA is packaged in a cell line, which contains a helper plasmid encoding the other AAV genes, namely rep and cap, but lacking ITR sequences.

The cell line may also be infected with adenovirus as a helper. The helper virus promotes replication of the AAV vector and expression of AAV genes from the helper plasmid. The helper plasmid is not packaged in significant amounts due to a lack of ITR sequences. Contamination with adenovirus can be reduced by, e.g., heat treatment to which adenovirus is more sensitive than AAV. Additional methods for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells are known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, US20030087817, incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, a host cell is transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein. In some embodiments, a cell is transfected as it naturally occurs in a subject. In some embodiments, a cell that is transfected is taken from a subject. In some embodiments, the cell is derived from cells taken from a subject, such as a cell line. In some embodiments, the cell line may be mammalian, insect, or avian cells. A wide variety of cell lines for tissue culture are known in the art. Examples of cell lines include, but are not limited to, C8161, CCRF-CEM, MOLT, mIMCD-3, NHDF, HeLaS3, Huh1, Huh4, Huh7, HUVEC, HASMC, HEKn, HEKa, MiaPaCell, Panel, PC-3, TF1, CTLL-2, CIR, Rat6, CVI, RPTE, AlO, T24, 182, A375, ARH-77, Calu1, SW480, SW620, SKOV3, SK-UT, CaCo2, P388D1, SEM-K2, WEHI-231, HB56, TIB55, lurkat, 145.01, LRMB, Bcl-1, BC-3, IC21, DLD2, Raw264.7, NRK, NRK-52E, MRC5, MEF, Hep G2, HeLa B, HeLa T4. COS, COS-1, COS-6, COS-M6A, BS-C-1 monkey kidney epithelial, BALB/3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast, 3T3 Swiss, 3T3-L1, 132-d5 human fetal fibroblasts; 10.1 mouse fibroblasts, 293-T, 3T3, 721, 9L, A2780, A2780ADR, A2780cis, A172, A20, A253, A431, A-549, ALC, B16, B35, BCP-I cells, BEAS-2B, bEnd.3, BHK-21, BR 293, BxPC3, C3H-10T1/2, C6/36, Cal-27, CHO, CHO-7, CHO-IR, CHO-K1, CHO-K2, CHO-T, CHO Dhfr−/−, COR-L23, COR-L23/CPR, COR-L235010, CORL23/R23, COS-7, COV-434, CML Tl, CMT, CT26, D17, DH82, DU145, DuCaP, EL4, EM2, EM3, EMT6/AR1, EMT6/AR10.0, FM3, H1299, H69, HB54, HB55, HCA2, HEK-293, HeLa, Hepalclc7, HL-60, HMEC, HT-29, lurkat, lY cells, K562 cells, Ku812, KCL22, KG1, KYO1, LNCap, Ma-Mel 1-48, MC-38, MCF-7, MCF-10A, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-435, MDCKII, MDCKII, MOR/0.2R, MONO-MAC 6, MTD-1A, MyEnd, NCI-H69/CPR, NCI-H69/LX10, NCI-H69/LX20, NCI-H69/LX4, NIH-3T3, NALM-1, NW-145, OPCN/OPCT cell lines, Peer, PNT-1A/PNT 2, RenCa, RIN-5F, RMA/RMAS, Saos-2 cells, Sf-9, SkBr3, T2, T-47D, T84, THP1 cell line, U373, U87, U937, VCaP, Vero cells, WM39, WT-49, X63, YAC-1, YAR, and transgenic varieties thereof. Cell lines are available from a variety of sources known to those with skill in the art (see, e.g., the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.)).

In some embodiments, a cell transfected with one or more vectors described herein is used to establish a new cell line comprising one or more vector-derived sequences. In some embodiments, a cell transiently transfected with the components of an RGN system as described herein (such as by transient transfection of one or more vectors, or transfection with RNA), and modified through the activity of an RGN system, is used to establish a new cell line comprising cells containing the modification but lacking any other exogenous sequence. In some embodiments, cells transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein, or cell lines derived from such cells are used in assessing one or more test compounds.

In some embodiments, one or more vectors described herein are used to produce a non-human transgenic animal or transgenic plant. In some embodiments, the transgenic animal is a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, cow, or pig. In some embodiments, the transgenic animal is a bird, such as a chicken or a duck. In some embodiments, the transgenic animal is an insect, such as a mosquito or a tick.

IV. Variants and Fragments of Polypeptides and Polynucleotides

The present disclosure provides active variants and fragments of a naturally-occurring (i.e., wild-type) RNA-guided nuclease, the amino acid sequence of which is set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, as well as active variants and fragments of naturally-occurring CRISPR repeats, such as the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124, and active variant and fragments of naturally-occurring tracrRNAs, such as the sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125, and polynucleotides encoding the same.

While the activity of a variant or fragment may be altered compared to the polynucleotide or polypeptide of interest, the variant and fragment should retain the functionality of the polynucleotide or polypeptide of interest. For example, a variant or fragment may have increased activity, decreased activity, different spectrum of activity or any other alteration in activity when compared to the polynucleotide or polypeptide of interest.

Fragments and variants of naturally-occurring RGN polypeptides, such as those disclosed herein, will retain sequence-specific, RNA-guided DNA-binding activity. In particular embodiments, fragments and variants of naturally-occurring RGN polypeptides, such as those disclosed herein, will retain nuclease activity (single-stranded or double-stranded).

Fragments and variants of naturally-occurring CRISPR repeats, such as those disclosed herein, will retain the ability, when part of a guide RNA (comprising a tracrRNA), to bind to and guide an RNA-guided nuclease (complexed with the guide RNA) to a target nucleotide sequence in a sequence-specific manner.

Fragments and variants of naturally-occurring tracrRNAs, such as those disclosed herein, will retain the ability, when part of a guide RNA (comprising a CRISPR RNA), to guide an RNA-guided nuclease (complexed with the guide RNA) to a target nucleotide sequence in a sequence-specific manner.

The term “fragment” refers to a portion of a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence of the invention. “Fragments” or “biologically active portions” include polynucleotides comprising a sufficient number of contiguous nucleotides to retain the biological activity (i.e., binding to and directing an RGN in a sequence-specific manner to a target nucleotide sequence when comprised within a guideRNA). “Fragments” or “biologically active portions” include polypeptides comprising a sufficient number of contiguous amino acid residues to retain the biological activity (i.e., binding to a target nucleotide sequence in a sequence-specific manner when complexed with a guide RNA). Fragments of the RGN proteins include those that are shorter than the full-length sequences due to the use of an alternate downstream start site. A biologically active portion of an RGN protein can be a polypeptide that comprises, for example, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700 or more contiguous amino acid residues of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579. Such biologically active portions can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for sequence-specific, RNA-guided DNA-binding activity. A biologically active fragment of a CRISPR repeat sequence can comprise at least 8 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124. A biologically active portion of a CRISPR repeat sequence can be a polynucleotide that comprises, for example, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, or 22 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124. A biologically active portion of a tracrRNA can be a polynucleotide that comprises, for example, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110 or more contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125.

In general, “variants” is intended to mean substantially similar sequences. For polynucleotides, a variant comprises a deletion and/or addition of one or more nucleotides at one or more internal sites within the native polynucleotide and/or a substitution of one or more nucleotides at one or more sites in the native polynucleotide. As used herein, a “native” or “wild type” polynucleotide or polypeptide comprises a naturally occurring nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence, respectively. For polynucleotides, conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the native amino acid sequence of the gene of interest. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below. Variant polynucleotides also include synthetically derived polynucleotides, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode the polypeptide or the polynucleotide of interest. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide disclosed herein will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular polynucleotide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein.

Variants of a particular polynucleotide disclosed herein (i.e., the reference polynucleotide) can also be evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity between the polypeptide encoded by a variant polynucleotide and the polypeptide encoded by the reference polynucleotide. Percent sequence identity between any two polypeptides can be calculated using sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. Where any given pair of polynucleotides disclosed herein is evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity shared by the two polypeptides they encode, the percent sequence identity between the two encoded polypeptides is at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity.

In particular embodiments, the presently disclosed polynucleotides encode an RNA-guided nuclease polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater identity to an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579. In some embodiments, variants of SEQ ID NO: 63 maintain the isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 305, the valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328, the leucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, the threonine at an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and the valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID NO: 63. An amino acid position of a first amino acid sequence “corresponding to” a particular position of a second amino acid sequence refers to the position in the first amino acid sequence when the first and second amino acid sequences are optimally aligned that lines up with the specified amino acid residue position in the second sequence. In particular embodiments, variants of SEQ ID NO: 63 have at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater identity to SEQ ID NO: 63 outside of these amino acid residues that are maintained from SEQ ID NO: 63 (i.e., I305, V328, L366, T368, and V405).

A biologically active variant of an RGN polypeptide of the invention may differ by as few as about 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as about 1-10, such as about 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, as few as 3, as few as 2, or as few as 1 amino acid residue. In specific embodiments, the polypeptides can comprise an N-terminal or a C-terminal truncation, which can comprise at least a deletion of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700 amino acids or more from either the N or C terminus of the polypeptide.

In certain embodiments, the presently disclosed polynucleotides comprise or encode a CRISPR repeat comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124.

The presently disclosed polynucleotides can comprise or encode a tracrRNA comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125.

Biologically active variants of a CRISPR repeat or tracrRNA of the invention may differ by as few as about 1-15 nucleotides, as few as about 1-10, such as about 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, as few as 3, as few as 2, or as few as 1 nucleotide. In specific embodiments, the polynucleotides can comprise a 5′ or 3′ truncation, which can comprise at least a deletion of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110 nucleotides or more from either the 5′ or 3′ end of the polynucleotide.

It is recognized that modifications may be made to the RGN polypeptides, CRISPR repeats, and tracrRNAs provided herein creating variant proteins and polynucleotides. Changes designed by man may be introduced through the application of site-directed mutagenesis techniques. Alternatively, native, as yet-unknown or as yet unidentified polynucleotides and/or polypeptides structurally and/or functionally-related to the sequences disclosed herein may also be identified that fall within the scope of the present invention. Conservative amino acid substitutions may be made in nonconserved regions that do not alter the function of the RGN proteins. Alternatively, modifications may be made that improve the activity of the RGN.

Variant polynucleotides and proteins also encompass sequences and proteins derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different RGN proteins disclosed herein (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579) is manipulated to create a new RGN protein possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between the RGN sequences provided herein and other known RGN genes to obtain a new gene coding for a protein with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K_(m) in the case of an enzyme. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotech. 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458. A “shuffled” nucleic acid is a nucleic acid produced by a shuffling procedure such as any shuffling procedure set forth herein. Shuffled nucleic acids are produced by recombining (physically or virtually) two or more nucleic acids (or character strings), for example in an artificial, and optionally recursive, fashion. Generally, one or more screening steps are used in shuffling processes to identify nucleic acids of interest; this screening step can be performed before or after any recombination step. In some (but not all) shuffling embodiments, it is desirable to perform multiple rounds of recombination prior to selection to increase the diversity of the pool to be screened. The overall process of recombination and selection are optionally repeated recursively. Depending on context, shuffling can refer to an overall process of recombination and selection, or, alternately, can simply refer to the recombinational portions of the overall process.

As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. When sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically, this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, California).

As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using GAP Version 10 using the following parameters: % identity and % similarity for a nucleotide sequence using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3, and the nwsgapdna.cmp scoring matrix; % identity and % similarity for an amino acid sequence using GAP Weight of 8 and Length Weight of 2, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix; or any equivalent program thereof. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by GAP Version 10.

Two sequences are “optimally aligned” when they are aligned for similarity scoring using a defined amino acid substitution matrix (e.g., BLOSUM62), gap existence penalty and gap extension penalty so as to arrive at the highest score possible for that pair of sequences. Amino acid substitution matrices and their use in quantifying the similarity between two sequences are well-known in the art and described, e.g., in Dayhoff et al. (1978) “A model of evolutionary change in proteins.” In “Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure,” Vol. 5, Suppl. 3 (ed. M. O. Dayhoff), pp. 345-352. Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C. and Henikoff et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915-10919. The BLOSUM62 matrix is often used as a default scoring substitution matrix in sequence alignment protocols. The gap existence penalty is imposed for the introduction of a single amino acid gap in one of the aligned sequences, and the gap extension penalty is imposed for each additional empty amino acid position inserted into an already opened gap. The alignment is defined by the amino acids positions of each sequence at which the alignment begins and ends, and optionally by the insertion of a gap or multiple gaps in one or both sequences, so as to arrive at the highest possible score. While optimal alignment and scoring can be accomplished manually, the process is facilitated by the use of a computer-implemented alignment algorithm, e.g., gapped BLAST 2.0, described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402, and made available to the public at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Website (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Optimal alignments, including multiple alignments, can be prepared using, e.g., PSI-BLAST, available through www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and described by Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402.

With respect to an amino acid sequence that is optimally aligned with a reference sequence, an amino acid residue “corresponds to” the position in the reference sequence with which the residue is paired in the alignment. The “position” is denoted by a number that sequentially identifies each amino acid in the reference sequence based on its position relative to the N-terminus. Owing to deletions, insertion, truncations, fusions, etc., that must be taken into account when determining an optimal alignment, in general the amino acid residue number in a test sequence as determined by simply counting from the N-terminal will not necessarily be the same as the number of its corresponding position in the reference sequence. For example, in a case where there is a deletion in an aligned test sequence, there will be no amino acid that corresponds to a position in the reference sequence at the site of deletion. Where there is an insertion in an aligned reference sequence, that insertion will not correspond to any amino acid position in the reference sequence. In the case of truncations or fusions there can be stretches of amino acids in either the reference or aligned sequence that do not correspond to any amino acid in the corresponding sequence.

V. Antibodies

Antibodies to the RGN polypeptides or ribonucleoproteins comprising the RGN polypeptides of the present invention, including those having the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579 or active variants or fragments thereof, are also encompassed. Methods for producing antibodies are well known in the art (see, for example, Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,265). These antibodies can be used in kits for the detection and isolation of RGN polypeptides or ribonucleoproteins. Thus, this disclosure provides kits comprising antibodies that specifically bind to the polypeptides or ribonucleoproteins described herein, including, for example, polypeptides having the sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579.

VI. Systems and Ribonucleoprotein Complexes for Binding a Target Sequence of Interest and Methods of Making the Same

The present disclosure provides a system for binding a target sequence of interest, wherein the system comprises at least one guide RNA or a nucleotide sequence encoding the same, and at least one RNA-guided nuclease or a nucleotide sequence encoding the same. The guide RNA hybridizes to the target sequence of interest and also forms a complex with the RGN polypeptide, thereby directing the RGN polypeptide to bind to the target sequence. In some of these embodiments, the RGN comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, or an active variant or fragment thereof. In various embodiments, the guide RNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124, or an active variant or fragment thereof. In particular embodiments, the guide RNA comprises a tracrRNA comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125, or an active variant or fragment thereof. The guide RNA of the system can be a single guide RNA or a dual-guide RNA. In particular embodiments, the system comprises an RNA-guided nuclease that is heterologous to the guideRNA, wherein the RGN and guideRNA are not found complexed to one another (i.e., bound to one another) in nature.

The system for binding a target sequence of interest provided herein can be a ribonucleoprotein complex, which is at least one molecule of an RNA bound to at least one protein. The ribonucleoprotein complexes provided herein comprise at least one guide RNA as the RNA component and an RNA-guided nuclease as the protein component. Such ribonucleoprotein complexes can be purified from a cell or organism that naturally expresses an RGN polypeptide and has been engineered to express a particular guide RNA that is specific for a target sequence of interest. Alternatively, the ribonucleoprotein complex can be purified from a cell or organism that has been transformed with polynucleotides that encode an RGN polypeptide and a guide RNA and cultured under conditions to allow for the expression of the RGN polypeptide and guide RNA. Thus, methods are provided for making an RGN polypeptide or an RGN ribonucleoprotein complex. Such methods comprise culturing a cell comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an RGN polypeptide, and in some embodiments a nucleotide sequence encoding a guide RNA, under conditions in which the RGN polypeptide (and in some embodiments, the guide RNA) is expressed. The RGN polypeptide or RGN ribonucleoprotein can then be purified from a lysate of the cultured cells.

Methods for purifying an RGN polypeptide or RGN ribonucleoprotein complex from a lysate of a biological sample are known in the art (e.g., size exclusion and/or affinity chromatography, 2D-PAGE, HPLC, reversed-phase chromatography, immunoprecipitation). In particular methods, the RGN polypeptide is recombinantly produced and comprises a purification tag to aid in its purification, including but not limited to, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), chitin binding protein (CBP), maltose binding protein, thioredoxin (TRX), poly(NANP), tandem affinity purification (TAP) tag, myc, AcV5, AU1, AU5, E, ECS, E2, FLAG, HA, nus, Softag 1, Softag 3, Strep, SBP, Glu-Glu, HSV, KT3, S, S1, T7, V5, VSV-G, 6×His, 10×His, biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), and calmodulin. Generally, the tagged RGN polypeptide or RGN ribonucleoprotein complex is purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. It will be appreciated that other similar methods known in the art may be used, including other forms of chromatography or for example immunoprecipitation, either alone or in combination.

An “isolated” or “purified” polypeptide, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the polypeptide as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, an isolated or purified polypeptide is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. A protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the protein of the invention or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, optimally culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals.

Particular methods provided herein for binding and/or cleaving a target sequence of interest involve the use of an in vitro assembled RGN ribonucleoprotein complex. In vitro assembly of an RGN ribonucleoprotein complex can be performed using any method known in the art in which an RGN polypeptide is contacted with a guide RNA under conditions to allow for binding of the RGN polypeptide to the guide RNA. As used herein, “contact”, contacting”, “contacted,” refer to placing the components of a desired reaction together under conditions suitable for carrying out the desired reaction. The RGN polypeptide can be purified from a biological sample, cell lysate, or culture medium, produced via in vitro translation, or chemically synthesized. The guide RNA can be purified from a biological sample, cell lysate, or culture medium, transcribed in vitro, or chemically synthesized. The RGN polypeptide and guide RNA can be brought into contact in solution (e.g., buffered saline solution) to allow for in vitro assembly of the RGN ribonucleoprotein complex.

VII. Methods of Binding, Cleaving, or Modifying a Target Sequence

The present disclosure provides methods for binding, cleaving, and/or modifying a target nucleotide sequence of interest. The methods include delivering a system comprising at least one guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding the same, and at least one RGN polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding the same to the target sequence or a cell, organelle, or embryo comprising the target sequence. In some of these embodiments, the RGN comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, or an active variant or fragment thereof. In various embodiments, the guide RNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124, or an active variant or fragment thereof. In particular embodiments, the guide RNA comprises a tracrRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125, or an active variant or fragment thereof. The guide RNA of the system can be a single guide RNA or a dual-guide RNA. The RGN of the system may be nuclease dead RGN, have nickase activity, or may be a fusion polypeptide. In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide comprises a base-editing polypeptide, for example a cytidine deaminase or an adenosine deaminase. In other embodiments, the RGN fusion protein comprises a reverse transcriptase. In other embodiments, the RGN fusion protein comprises a polypeptide that recruits members of a functional nucleic acid repair complex, such as a member of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) or transcription coupled-nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) pathway (Wei et al., 2015, PNAS USA 112(27):E3495-504; Troelstra et al., 1992, Cell 71:939-953; Marnef et al., 2017, J Mol Biol 429(9):1277-1288), as described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/966,203, which was filed on Jan. 27, 2020, and is incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the RGN fusion protein comprises CSB (van den Boom et al., 2004, J Cell Biol 166(1):27-36; van Gool et al., 1997, EMBO J 16(19):5955-65; an example of which is set forth as SEQ ID NO: 608), which is a member of the TC-NER (nucleotide excision repair) pathway and functions in the recruitment of other members. In further embodiments, the RGN fusion protein comprises an active domain of CSB, such as the acidic domain of CSB which comprises amino acid residues 356-394 of SEQ ID NO: 608 (Teng et al., 2018, Nat Commun 9(1):4115).

In particular embodiments, the RGN and/or guide RNA is heterologous to the cell, organelle, or embryo to which the RGN and/or guide RNA (or polynucleotide(s) encoding at least one of the RGN and guide RNA) are introduced.

In those embodiments wherein the method comprises delivering a polynucleotide encoding a guide RNA and/or an RGN polypeptide, the cell or embryo can then be cultured under conditions in which the guide RNA and/or RGN polypeptide are expressed. In various embodiments, the method comprises contacting a target sequence with an RGN ribonucleoprotein complex. The RGN ribonucleoprotein complex may comprise an RGN that is nuclease dead or has nickase activity. In some embodiments, the RGN of the ribonucleoprotein complex is a fusion polypeptide comprising a base-editing polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the method comprises introducing into a cell, organelle, or embryo comprising a target sequence an RGN ribonucleoprotein complex. The RGN ribonucleoprotein complex can be one that has been purified from a biological sample, recombinantly produced and subsequently purified, or in vitro-assembled as described herein. In those embodiments wherein the RGN ribonucleoprotein complex that is contacted with the target sequence or a cell organelle, or embryo has been assembled in vitro, the method can further comprise the in vitro assembly of the complex prior to contact with the target sequence, cell, organelle, or embryo.

A purified or in vitro assembled RGN ribonucleoprotein complex can be introduced into a cell, organelle, or embryo using any method known in the art, including, but not limited to electroporation. Alternatively, an RGN polypeptide and/or polynucleotide encoding or comprising the guide RNA can be introduced into a cell, organelle, or embryo using any method known in the art (e.g., electroporation).

Upon delivery to or contact with the target sequence or cell, organelle, or embryo comprising the target sequence, the guide RNA directs the RGN to bind to the target sequence in a sequence-specific manner. In those embodiments wherein the RGN has nuclease activity, the RGN polypeptide cleaves the target sequence of interest upon binding. The target sequence can subsequently be modified via endogenous repair mechanisms, such as non-homologous end joining, or homology-directed repair with a provided donor polynucleotide.

Methods to measure binding of an RGN polypeptide to a target sequence are known in the art and include chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, gel mobility shift assays, DNA pull-down assays, reporter assays, microplate capture and detection assays. Likewise, methods to measure cleavage or modification of a target sequence are known in the art and include in vitro or in vivo cleavage assays wherein cleavage is confirmed using PCR, sequencing, or gel electrophoresis, with or without the attachment of an appropriate label (e.g., radioisotope, fluorescent substance) to the target sequence to facilitate detection of degradation products. Alternatively, the nicking triggered exponential amplification reaction (NTEXPAR) assay can be used (see, e.g., Zhang et al. (2016) Chem. Sci. 7:4951-4957). In vivo cleavage can be evaluated using the Surveyor assay (Guschin et al. (2010) Methods Mol Biol 649:247-256).

In some embodiments, the methods involve the use of a single type of RGN complexed with more than one guide RNA. The more than one guide RNA can target different regions of a single gene or can target multiple genes.

In those embodiments wherein a donor polynucleotide is not provided, a double-stranded break introduced by an RGN polypeptide can be repaired by a non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair process. Due to the error-prone nature of NHEJ, repair of the double-stranded break can result in a modification to the target sequence. As used herein, a “modification” in reference to a nucleic acid molecule refers to a change in the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule, which can be a deletion, insertion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides, or a combination thereof. Modification of the target sequence can result in the expression of an altered protein product or inactivation of a coding sequence.

In those embodiments wherein a donor polynucleotide is present, the donor sequence in the donor polynucleotide can be integrated into or exchanged with the target nucleotide sequence during the course of repair of the introduced double-stranded break, resulting in the introduction of the exogenous donor sequence. A donor polynucleotide thus comprises a donor sequence that is desired to be introduced into a target sequence of interest. In some embodiments, the donor sequence alters the original target nucleotide sequence such that the newly integrated donor sequence will not be recognized and cleaved by the RGN. Integration of the donor sequence can be enhanced by the inclusion within the donor polynucleotide of flanking sequences, referred to herein as “homology arms” that have substantial sequence identity with the sequences flanking the target nucleotide sequence, allowing for a homology-directed repair process. In some embodiments, homology arms have a length of at least 50 base pairs, at least 100 base pairs, and up to 2000 base pairs or more, and have at least 90%, at least 95%, or more, sequence homology to their corresponding sequence within the target nucleotide sequence.

In those embodiments wherein the RGN polypeptide introduces double-stranded staggered breaks, the donor polynucleotide can comprise a donor sequence flanked by compatible overhangs, allowing for direct ligation of the donor sequence to the cleaved target nucleotide sequence comprising overhangs by a non-homologous repair process during repair of the double-stranded break.

In those embodiments wherein the method involves the use of an RGN that is a nickase (i.e., is only able to cleave a single strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide), the method can comprise introducing two RGN nickases that target identical or overlapping target sequences and cleave different strands of the polynucleotide. For example, an RGN nickase that only cleaves the positive (+) strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide can be introduced along with a second RGN nickase that only cleaves the negative (−) strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide.

In various embodiments, a method is provided for binding a target nucleotide sequence and detecting the target sequence, wherein the method comprises introducing into a cell, organelle, or embryo at least one guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding the same, and at least one RGN polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding the same, expressing the guide RNA and/or RGN polypeptide (if coding sequences are introduced), wherein the RGN polypeptide is a nuclease-dead RGN and further comprises a detectable label, and the method further comprises detecting the detectable label. The detectable label may be fused to the RGN as a fusion protein (e.g., fluorescent protein) or may be a small molecule conjugated to or incorporated within the RGN polypeptide that can be detected visually or by other means.

Also provided herein are methods for modulating the expression of a target sequence or a gene of interest under the regulation of a target sequence. The methods comprise introducing into a cell, organelle, or embryo at least one guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding the same, and at least one RGN polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding the same, expressing the guide RNA and/or RGN polypeptide (if coding sequences are introduced), wherein the RGN polypeptide is a nuclease-dead RGN. In some of these embodiments, the nuclease-dead RGN is a fusion protein comprising an expression modulator domain (i.e., epigenetic modification domain, transcriptional activation domain or a transcriptional repressor domain) as described herein.

The present disclosure also provides methods for binding and/or modifying a target nucleotide sequence of interest. The methods include delivering a system comprising at least one guide RNA or a polynucleotide encoding the same, and at least one fusion polypeptide comprises an RGN of the invention and a base-editing polypeptide, for example a cytidine deaminase or an adenosine deaminase, or a polynucleotide encoding the fusion polypeptide, to the target sequence or a cell, organelle, or embryo comprising the target sequence.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any of the presently disclosed methods can be used to target a single target sequence or multiple target sequences. Thus, methods comprise the use of a single RGN polypeptide in combination with multiple, distinct guide RNAs, which can target multiple, distinct sequences within a single gene and/or multiple genes. Also encompassed herein are methods wherein multiple, distinct guide RNAs are introduced in combination with multiple, distinct RGN polypeptides. These guide RNAs and guide RNA/RGN polypeptide systems can target multiple, distinct sequences within a single gene and/or multiple genes.

In one aspect, the invention provides kits containing any one or more of the elements disclosed in the above methods and compositions. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a vector system and instructions for using the kit. In some embodiments, the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a DNA sequence encoding the crRNA sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the encoded crRNA sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of an RGN complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the RGN complex comprises an RGN enzyme complexed with the guide RNA polynucleotide; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme coding sequence encoding said RGN enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence. Elements may be provided individually or in combinations, and may be provided in any suitable container, such as a vial, a bottle, or a tube.

In some embodiments, the kit includes instructions in one or more languages. In some embodiments, a kit comprises one or more reagents for use in a process utilizing one or more of the elements described herein. Reagents may be provided in any suitable container. For example, a kit may provide one or more reaction or storage buffers. Reagents may be provided in a form that is usable in a particular assay, or in a form that requires addition of one or more other components before use (e.g. in concentrate or lyophilized form). A buffer can be any buffer, including but not limited to a sodium carbonate buffer, a sodium bicarbonate buffer, a borate buffer, a Tris buffer, a MOPS buffer, a HEPES buffer, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the buffer is alkaline. In some embodiments, the buffer has a pH from about 7 to about 10.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises one or more oligonucleotides corresponding to a guide sequence for insertion into a vector so as to operably link the guide sequence and a regulatory element. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a homologous recombination template polynucleotide. In one aspect, the invention provides methods for using one or more elements of an RGN system. The RGN system of the invention provides an effective means for modifying a target polynucleotide. The RGN system of the invention has a wide variety of utility including modifying (e.g., deleting, inserting, translocating, inactivating, activating, base editing) a target polynucleotide in a multiplicity of cell types. As such the RGN system of the invention has a broad spectrum of applications in, e.g., gene therapy, drug screening, disease diagnosis, and prognosis. An exemplary RGN system, or RGN complex, comprises an RGN enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within the target polynucleotide.

VIII. Target Polynucleotides

In one aspect, the invention provides for methods of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell, which may be in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro. In some embodiments, the method comprises sampling a cell or population of cells from a human or non-human animal or plant (including microalgae) and modifying the cell or cells. Culturing may occur at any stage ex vivo. The cell or cells may even be re-introduced into the non-human animal or plant (including microalgae).

Using natural variability, plant breeders combine most useful genes for desirable qualities, such as yield, quality, uniformity, hardiness, and resistance against pests. These desirable qualities also include growth, day length preferences, temperature requirements, initiation date of floral or reproductive development, fatty acid content, insect resistance, disease resistance, nematode resistance, fungal resistance, herbicide resistance, tolerance to various environmental factors including drought, heat, wet, cold, wind, and adverse soil conditions including high salinity The sources of these useful genes include native or foreign varieties, heirloom varieties, wild plant relatives, and induced mutations, e.g., treating plant material with mutagenic agents. Using the present invention, plant breeders are provided with a new tool to induce mutations. Accordingly, one skilled in the art can analyze the genome for sources of useful genes, and in varieties having desired characteristics or traits employ the present invention to induce the rise of useful genes, with more precision than previous mutagenic agents and hence accelerate and improve plant breeding programs.

The target polynucleotide of an RGN system can be any polynucleotide endogenous or exogenous to the eukaryotic cell. For example, the target polynucleotide can be a polynucleotide residing in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. The target polynucleotide can be a sequence coding a gene product (e.g., a protein) or a non-coding sequence (e.g., a regulatory polynucleotide or a junk DNA). Without wishing to be bound by theory, the target sequence should be associated with a PAM (protospacer adjacent motif); that is, a short sequence recognized by the RGN system. The precise sequence and length requirements for the PAM differ depending on the RGN used, but PAMs are typically 2-5 base pair sequences adjacent the protospacer (that is, the target sequence).

The target polynucleotide of an RGN system may include a number of disease-associated genes and polynucleotides as well as signaling biochemical pathway-associated genes and polynucleotides. Examples of target polynucleotides include a sequence associated with a signaling biochemical pathway, e.g., a signaling biochemical pathway-associated gene or polynucleotide. Examples of target polynucleotides include a disease associated gene or polynucleotide. A “disease-associated” gene or polynucleotide refers to any gene or polynucleotide which is yielding transcription or translation products at an abnormal level or in an abnormal form in cells derived from a disease-affected tissues compared with tissues or cells of a non-disease control. It may be a gene that becomes expressed at an abnormally high level; it may be a gene that becomes expressed at an abnormally low level, where the altered expression correlates with the occurrence and/or progression of the disease. A disease-associated gene also refers to a gene possessing mutation(s) or genetic variation that is directly responsible or is in linkage disequilibrium with a gene(s) that is responsible for the etiology of a disease (e.g., a causal mutation). The transcribed or translated products may be known or unknown, and further may be at a normal or abnormal level. In some embodiments, the disease may be an animal disease. In some embodiments, the disease may be an avian disease. In other embodiments, the disease may be a mammalian disease. In further embodiments, the disease may be a human disease. Examples of disease-associated genes and polynucleotides in humans are available from McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.) and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.), available on the World Wide Web.

Although RGN systems are particularly useful for their relative ease in targeting to genomic sequences of interest, there still remains an issue of what the RGN can do to address a causal mutation. One approach is to produce a fusion protein between an RGN (preferably an inactive or nickase variant of the RGN) and a base-editing enzyme or the active domain of a base editing enzyme, such as a cytidine deaminase or an adenosine deaminase base editor (U.S. Pat. No. 9,840,699, herein incorporated by reference). In some embodiments, the methods comprise contacting a DNA molecule with (a) a fusion protein comprising an RGN of the invention and a base-editing polypeptide such as a deaminase; and (b) a gRNA targeting the fusion protein of (a) to a target nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand; wherein the DNA molecule is contacted with the fusion protein and the gRNA in an amount effective and under conditions suitable for the deamination of a nucleobase. In some embodiments, the target DNA sequence comprises a sequence associated with a disease or disorder, and wherein the deamination of the nucleobase results in a sequence that is not associated with a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the target DNA sequence resides in an allele of a crop plant, wherein the particular allele of the trait of interest results in a plant of lesser agronomic value. The deamination of the nucleobase results in an allele that improves the trait and increases the agronomic value of the plant.

In some embodiments, the DNA sequence comprises a T→C or A→G point mutation associated with a disease or disorder, and wherein the deamination of the mutant C or G base results in a sequence that is not associated with a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the deamination corrects a point mutation in the sequence associated with the disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, the sequence associated with the disease or disorder encodes a protein, and wherein the deamination introduces a stop codon into the sequence associated with the disease or disorder, resulting in a truncation of the encoded protein. In some embodiments, the contacting is performed in vivo in a subject susceptible to having, having, or diagnosed with the disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is a disease associated with a point mutation, or a single-base mutation, in the genome. In some embodiments, the disease is a genetic disease, a cancer, a metabolic disease, or a lysosomal storage disease.

IX. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Treatment

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the presently disclosed RGN polypeptides and active variants and fragments thereof, as well as polynucleotides encoding the same, the presently disclosed gRNAs or polynucleotides encoding the same, the presently disclosed systems, or cells comprising any of the RGN polypeptides or RGN-encoding polynucleotides, gRNA or gRNA-encoding polynucleotides, or the RGN systems, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

A pharmaceutical composition is a composition that is employed to prevent, reduce in intensity, cure or otherwise treat a target condition or disease that comprises an active ingredient (i.e., RGN polypeptides, RGN-encoding polynucleotides, gRNA, gRNA-encoding polynucleotides, RGN systems, or cells comprising any one of these) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a material that does not cause significant irritation to an organism and does not abrogate the activity and properties of the active ingredient (i.e., RGN polypeptides, RGN-encoding polynucleotides, gRNA, gRNA-encoding polynucleotides, RGN systems, or cells comprising any one of these). Carriers must be of sufficiently high purity and of sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration to a subject being treated. The carrier can be inert, or it can possess pharmaceutical benefits. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises one or more compatible solid or liquid filler, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration to a human or other vertebrate animal. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is not naturally-occurring. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the active ingredient are not found together in nature.

Pharmaceutical compositions used in the presently disclosed methods can be formulated with suitable carriers, excipients, and other agents that provide suitable transfer, delivery, tolerance, and the like. A multitude of appropriate formulations are known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (21st ed. 2005). Suitable formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LIPOFECTIN vesicles), lipid nanoparticles, DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax. Pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral use may be prepared into dosage forms in a unit dose suited to fit a dose of the active ingredients. Such dosage forms in a unit dose include, for example, tablets, pills, capsules, injections (ampoules), suppositories, etc.

In some embodiments wherein cells comprising or modified with the presently disclosed RGN, gRNAs, RGN systems or polynucleotides encoding the same are administered to a subject, the cells are administered as a suspension with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. One of skill in the art will recognize that a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to be used in a cell composition will not include buffers, compounds, cryopreservation agents, preservatives, or other agents in amounts that substantially interfere with the viability of the cells to be delivered to the subject. A formulation comprising cells can include e.g., osmotic buffers that permit cell membrane integrity to be maintained, and optionally, nutrients to maintain cell viability or enhance engraftment upon administration. Such formulations and suspensions are known to those of skill in the art and/or can be adapted for use with the cells described herein using routine experimentation.

A cell composition can also be emulsified or presented as a liposome composition, provided that the emulsification procedure does not adversely affect cell viability. The cells and any other active ingredient can be mixed with excipients that are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient, and in amounts suitable for use in the therapeutic methods described herein.

Additional agents included in a cell composition can include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the components therein. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the polypeptide) that are formed with inorganic acids, such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, tartaric, mandelic and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases, such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine and the like.

Physiologically tolerable and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art. Exemplary liquid carriers are sterile aqueous solutions that contain no materials in addition to the active ingredients and water, or contain a buffer such as sodium phosphate at physiological pH value, physiological saline or both, such as phosphate-buffered saline. Still further, aqueous carriers can contain more than one buffer salt, as well as salts such as sodium and potassium chlorides, dextrose, polyethylene glycol and other solutes. Liquid compositions can also contain liquid phases in addition to and to the exclusion of water. Exemplary of such additional liquid phases are glycerin, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, and water-oil emulsions. The amount of an active compound used in the cell compositions that is effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition can depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, and can be determined by standard clinical techniques.

The presently disclosed RGN polypeptides, guide RNAs, RGN systems or polynucleotides encoding the same can be formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as carriers, solvents, stabilizers, adjuvants, diluents, etc., depending upon the particular mode of administration and dosage form. In some embodiments, these pharmaceutical compositions are formulated to achieve a physiologically compatible pH, and range from a pH of about 3 to a pH of about 11, about pH 3 to about pH 7, depending on the formulation and route of administration. In some embodiments, the pH can be adjusted to a range from about pH 5.0 to about pH 8. In some embodiments, the compositions can comprise a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound as described herein, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a combination of the compounds described herein, or include a second active ingredient useful in the treatment or prevention of bacterial growth (for example and without limitation, anti-bacterial or anti-microbial agents), or include a combination of reagents of the present disclosure.

Suitable excipients include, for example, carrier molecules that include large, slowly metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and inactive virus particles. Other exemplary excipients can include antioxidants (for example and without limitation, ascorbic acid), chelating agents (for example and without limitation, EDTA), carbohydrates (for example and without limitation, dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, and hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose), stearic acid, liquids (for example and without limitation, oils, water, saline, glycerol and ethanol), wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like.

In some embodiments, the formulations are provided in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, saline, water-for-injection, a semi-liquid foam, or gel, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is dissolved in a buffered liquid solution that is frozen in a unit-dose or multi-dose container and later thawed for injection or kept/stabilized under refrigeration until use.

The therapeutic agent(s) may be contained in controlled release systems. In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it often is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous, intrathecal, or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. In some embodiments, the use of a long-term sustained release implant may be particularly suitable for treatment of chronic conditions. Long-term sustained release implants are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof are provided herein. The methods comprise administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a presently disclosed RGN polypeptide or active variant or fragment thereof or a polynucleotide encoding the same, a presently disclosed gRNA or a polynucleotide encoding the same, a presently disclosed RGN system, or a cell modified by or comprising any one of these compositions.

In some embodiments, the treatment comprises in vivo gene editing by administering a presently disclosed RGN polypeptide, gRNA, or RGN system or polynucleotide(s) encoding the same. In some embodiments, the treatment comprises ex vivo gene editing wherein cells are genetically modified ex vivo with a presently disclosed RGN polypeptide, gRNA, or RGN system or polynucleotide(s) encoding the same and then the modified cells are administered to a subject. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells originate from the subject that is then administered the modified cells, and the transplanted cells are referred to herein as autologous. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cells originate from a different subject (i.e., donor) within the same species as the subject that is administered the modified cells (i.e., recipient), and the transplanted cells are referred to herein as allogeneic. In some examples described herein, the cells can be expanded in culture prior to administration to a subject in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the disease to be treated with the presently disclosed compositions is one that can be treated with immunotherapy, such as with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell. Such diseases include but are not limited to cancer. In some embodiments, the disease to be treated with the presently disclosed compositions is associated with a causal mutation. As used herein, a “causal mutation” refers to a particular nucleotide, nucleotides, or nucleotide sequence in the genome that contributes to the severity or presence of a disease or disorder in a subject. The correction of the causal mutation leads to the improvement of at least one symptom resulting from a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the causal mutation is adjacent to a PAM site recognized by an RGN disclosed herein. The causal mutation can be corrected with a presently disclosed RGN or a fusion polypeptide comprising a presently disclosed RGN and a base-editing polypeptide (i.e., a base editor). Non-limiting examples of diseases associated with a causal mutation include cystic fibrosis, Hurler syndrome, Friedreich's Ataxia, Huntington's Disease, and sickle cell disease. In some embodiments, the disease to be treated with the presently disclosed RGNs is a disease listed in Table 11. Additional non-limiting examples of disease-associated genes and mutations are available from McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.) and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.), available on the World Wide Web.

As used herein, “treatment” or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant any therapeutically relevant improvement in or effect on one or more diseases, conditions, or symptoms under treatment. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions may be administered to a subject at risk of developing a particular disease, condition, or symptom, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though the disease, condition, or symptom may not have yet been manifested.

The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of an agent that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. The therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon one or more of: the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The specific dose may vary depending on one or more of: the particular agent chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, and the delivery system in which it is carried.

The term “administering” refers to the placement of an active ingredient into a subject, by a method or route that results in at least partial localization of the introduced active ingredient at a desired site, such as a site of injury or repair, such that a desired effect(s) is produced. In those embodiments wherein cells are administered, the cells can be administered by any appropriate route that results in delivery to a desired location in the subject where at least a portion of the implanted cells or components of the cells remain viable. The period of viability of the cells after administration to a subject can be as short as a few hours, e.g., twenty-four hours, to a few days, to as long as several years, or even the life time of the patient, i.e., long-term engraftment. For example, in some aspects described herein, an effective amount of photoreceptor cells or retinal progenitor cells is administered via a systemic route of administration, such as an intraperitoneal or intravenous route.

In some embodiments, the administering comprises administering by viral delivery. In some embodiments, the administering comprises administering by electroporation. In some embodiments, the administering comprises administering by nanoparticle delivery. In some embodiments, the administering comprises administering by liposome delivery. Any effective route of administration can be used to administer an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein. In some embodiments, the administering comprises administering by a method selected from the group consisting of: intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, orally, rectally, by aerosol, parenterally, ophthalmicly, pulmonarily, transdermally, vaginally, otically, nasally, and by topical administration, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for the delivery of cells, administration by injection or infusion is used.

As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any individual for whom diagnosis, treatment or therapy is desired. In some embodiments, the subject is an animal. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human being.

The efficacy of a treatment can be determined by the skilled clinician. However, a treatment is considered an “effective treatment,” if any one or all of the signs or symptoms of a disease or disorder are altered in a beneficial manner (e.g., decreased by at least 10%), or other clinically accepted symptoms or markers of disease are improved or ameliorated. Efficacy can also be measured by failure of an individual to worsen as assessed by hospitalization or need for medical interventions (e.g., progression of the disease is halted or at least slowed). Methods of measuring these indicators are known to those of skill in the art. Treatment includes: (1) inhibiting the disease, e.g., arresting, or slowing the progression of symptoms; or (2) relieving the disease, e.g., causing regression of symptoms; and (3) preventing or reducing the likelihood of the development of symptoms.

A. Modifying Causal Mutations Using Base-Editing

An example of a genetically inherited disease which could be corrected using an approach that relies on an RGN-base editor fusion protein of the invention is Hurler Syndrome. Hurler Syndrome, also known as MPS-1, is the result of a deficiency of α-L-iduronidase (IDUA) resulting in a lysosomal storage disease characterized at the molecular level by the accumulation of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in lysosomes. This disease is generally an inherited genetic disorder caused by mutations in the IDUA gene encoding α-L-iduronidase. Common IDUA mutations are W402X and Q70X, both nonsense mutations resulting in premature termination of translation. Such mutations are well addressed by precise genome editing (PGE) approaches, since reversion of a single nucleotide, for example by a base-editing approach, would restore the wild-type coding sequence and result in protein expression controlled by the endogenous regulatory mechanisms of the genetic locus. Additionally, since heterozygotes are known to be asymptomatic, a PGE therapy that targets one of these mutations would be useful to a large proportion of patients with this disease, as only one of the mutated alleles needs to be corrected (Bunge et al. (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3(6): 861-866, herein incorporated by reference).

Current treatments for Hurler Syndrome include enzyme replacement therapy and bone marrow transplants (Vellodi et al. (1997) Arch. Dis. Child. 76(2): 92-99; Peters et al. (1998) Blood 91(7): 2601-2608, herein incorporated by reference). While enzyme replacement therapy has had a dramatic effect on the survival and quality of life of Hurler Syndrome patients, this approach requires costly and time-consuming weekly infusions. Additional approaches include the delivery of the IDUA gene on an expression vector or the insertion of the gene into a highly expressed locus such as that of serum albumin (U.S. Pat. No. 9,956,247, herein incorporated by reference). However, these approaches do not restore the original IDUA locus to the correct coding sequence. A genome-editing strategy would have a number of advantages, most notably that regulation of gene expression would be controlled by the natural mechanisms present in healthy individuals. Additionally, using base editing does not necessitate causing a double stranded DNA breaks, which could lead to large chromosomal rearrangements, cell death, or oncogenecity by the disruption of tumor suppression mechanisms. A general strategy may be directed toward using RGN-base editor fusion proteins of the invention to target and correct certain disease-causing mutations in the human genome. It will be appreciated that similar approaches to target diseases that can be corrected by base-editing may also be pursued. It will be further appreciated that similar approaches to target disease-causing mutations in other species, particularly common household pets or livestock, can also be deployed using the RGNs of the invention. Common household pets and livestock include dogs, cats, horses, pigs, cows, sheep, chickens, donkeys, snakes, ferrets, and fish including salmon and shrimp.

B. Modifying Causal Mutations by Targeted Deletion

RGNs of the invention could also be useful in human therapeutic approaches where the causal mutation is more complicated. For example, some diseases such as Friedreich's Ataxia and Huntington's Disease are the result of a significant increase in repeats of a three nucleotide motif at a particular region of a gene, which affects the ability of the expressed protein to function or to be expressed. Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting in progressive degeneration of nervous tissue in the spinal cord. Reduced levels of the frataxin (FXN) protein in the mitochondria cause oxidative damages and iron deficiencies at the cellular level. The reduced FXN expression has been linked to a GAA triplet expansion within the intron 1 of the somatic and germline FXN gene. In FRDA patients, the GAA repeat frequently consists of more than 70, sometimes even more than 1000 (most commonly 600-900) triplets, whereas unaffected individuals have about 40 repeats or less (Pandolfo et al. (2012) Handbook of Clinical Neurology 103: 275-294; Campuzano et al. (1996) Science 271: 1423-1427; Pandolfo (2002) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 516: 99-118; all herein incorporated by reference).

The expansion of the trinucleotide repeat sequence causing Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) occurs in a defined genetic locus within the FXN gene, referred to as the FRDA instability region. RNA guided nucleases (RGNs) may be used for excising the instability region in FRDA patient cells. This approach requires 1) an RGN and guide RNA sequence that can be programmed to target the allele in the human genome; and 2) a delivery approach for the RGN and guide sequence. Many nucleases used for genome editing, such as the commonly used Cas9 nuclease from S. pyogenes (SpCas9), are too large to be packaged into adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, especially when considering the length of the SpCas9 gene and the guide RNA in addition to other genetic elements required for functional expression cassettes. This makes an approach using SpCas9 more difficult.

Certain RNA guided nucleases of the invention are well suited for packaging into an AAV vector along with a guide RNA. Packing two guide RNAs would likely require a second vector, but this approach still compares favorably to what would be required of a larger nuclease such as SpCas9, which may require splitting the protein sequence between two vectors. The present invention encompasses a strategy using RGNs of the invention in which a region of genomic instability is removed. Such a strategy is applicable to other diseases and disorders which have a similar genetic basis, such as Huntington's Disease. Similar strategies using RGNs of the invention may also be applicable to similar diseases and disorders in non-human animals of agronomic or economic importance, including dogs, cats, horses, pigs, cows, sheep, chickens, donkeys, snakes, ferrets, and fish including salmon and shrimp.

C. Modifying Causal Mutations by Targeted Mutagenesis

RGNs of the invention could also be to introduce disruptive mutations that may result in a beneficial effect. Genetic defects in the genes encoding hemoglobin, particularly the beta globin chain (the HBB gene), can be responsible for a number of diseases known as hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell anemia and thalassemias.

In adult humans, hemoglobin is a heterotetramer comprising two alpha (α)-like globin chains and two beta (β)-like globin chains and 4 heme groups. In adults the α2β2 tetramer is referred to as Hemoglobin A (HbA) or adult hemoglobin. Typically, the alpha and beta globin chains are synthesized in an approximate 1:1 ratio and this ratio seems to be critical in terms of hemoglobin and red blood cell (RBC) stabilization. In a developing fetus, a different form of hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin (HbF), is produced which has a higher binding affinity for oxygen than Hemoglobin A such that oxygen can be delivered to the baby's system via the mother's blood stream. Fetal hemoglobin also contains two α globin chains, but in place of the adult β-globin chains, it has two fetal gamma (γ)-globin chains (i.e., fetal hemoglobin is α2γ2). The regulation of the switch from production of gamma- to beta-globin is quite complex, and primarily involves a down-regulation of gamma globin transcription with a simultaneous up-regulation of beta globin transcription. At approximately 30 weeks of gestation, the synthesis of gamma globin in the fetus starts to drop while the production of beta globin increases. By approximately 10 months of age, the newborn's hemoglobin is nearly all α2β2 although some HbF persists into adulthood (approximately 1-3% of total hemoglobin). In the majority of patients with hemoglobinopathies, the genes encoding gamma globin remain present, but expression is relatively low due to normal gene repression occurring around parturition as described above.

Sickle cell disease is caused by a V6E mutation in the β globin gene (HBB) (a GAG to GTG at the DNA level), where the resultant hemoglobin is referred to as “hemoglobinS” or “HbS.” Under lower oxygen conditions, HbS molecules aggregate and form fibrous precipitates. These aggregates cause the abnormality or ‘sickling’ of the RBCs, resulting in a loss of flexibility of the cells. The sickling RBCs are no longer able to squeeze into the capillary beds and can result in vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell patients. In addition, sickled RBCs are more fragile than normal RBCs, and tend towards hemolysis, eventually leading to anemia in the patient.

Treatment and management of sickle cell patients is a life-long proposition involving antibiotic treatment, pain management and transfusions during acute episodes. One approach is the use of hydroxyurea, which exerts its effects in part by increasing the production of gamma globin. Long term side effects of chronic hydroxyurea therapy are still unknown, however, and treatment gives unwanted side effects and can have variable efficacy from patient to patient. Despite an increase in the efficacy of sickle cell treatments, the life expectancy of patients is still only in the mid to late 50's and the associated morbidities of the disease have a profound impact on a patient's quality of life.

Thalassemias (alpha thalassemias and beta thalassemia) are also diseases relating to hemoglobin and typically involve a reduced expression of globin chains. This can occur through mutations in the regulatory regions of the genes or from a mutation in a globin coding sequence that results in reduced expression or reduced levels or functional globin protein. Treatment of thalassemias usually involves blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy. Bone marrow transplants are also being used for treatment of people with severe thalassemias if an appropriate donor can be identified, but this procedure can have significant risks.

One approach that has been proposed for the treatment of both sickle cell disease (SCD) and beta thalassemias is to increase the expression of gamma globin so that HbF functionally replaces the aberrant adult hemoglobin. As mentioned above, treatment of SCD patients with hydroxyurea is thought to be successful in part due to its effect on increasing gamma globin expression (DeSimone (1982) Proc Nat'l Acad Sci USA 79(14):4428-31; Ley, et al., (1982) N. Engl. J. Medicine, 307: 1469-1475; Ley, et al., (1983) Blood 62: 370-380; Constantoulakis et al., (1988) Blood 72(6):1961-1967, all herein incorporated by reference). Increasing the expression of HbF involves identification of genes whose products play a role in the regulation of gamma globin expression. One such gene is BCL11A. BCL11A encodes a zinc finger protein that expressed in adult erythroid precursor cells, and down-regulation of its expression leads to an increase in gamma globin expression (Sankaran et at (2008) Science 322: 1839, herein incorporated by reference). Use of an inhibitory RNA targeted to the BCL11A gene has been proposed (e.g., U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0182867, herein incorporated by reference) but this technology has several potential drawbacks, including that complete knock down may not be achieved, delivery of such RNAs may be problematic, and the RNAs must be present continuously, requiring multiple treatments for life.

RGNs of the invention may be used to target the BCL11A enhancer region to disrupt expression of BCL11A, thereby increasing gamma globin expression. This targeted disruption can be achieved by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), whereby an RGN of the invention targets to a particular sequence within the BCL11A enhancer region, makes a double-stranded break, and the cell's machinery repairs the break, typically simultaneously introducing deleterious mutations. Similar to what is described for other disease targets, RGNs of the invention may have advantages over other known RGNs due to their relatively small size, which enables packaging expression cassettes for the RGN and its guide RNA into a single AAV vector for in vivo delivery. Similar strategies using RGNs of the invention may also be applicable to similar diseases and disorders in both humans and in non-human animals of agronomic or economic importance.

X. Cells Comprising a Polynucleotide Genetic Modification

Provided herein are cells and organisms comprising a target sequence of interest that has been modified using a process mediated by an RGN, crRNA, and/or tracrRNA as described herein. In some of these embodiments, the RGN comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, or an active variant or fragment thereof. In various embodiments, the guide RNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, or 124, or an active variant or fragment thereof. In particular embodiments, the guide RNA comprises a tracrRNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125, or an active variant or fragment thereof. The guide RNA of the system can be a single guide RNA or a dual-guide RNA.

The modified cells can be eukaryotic (e.g., mammalian, plant, insect cell) or prokaryotic. Also provided are organelles and embryos comprising at least one nucleotide sequence that has been modified by a process utilizing an RGN, crRNA, and/or tracrRNA as described herein. The genetically modified cells, organisms, organelles, and embryos can be heterozygous or homozygous for the modified nucleotide sequence.

The chromosomal modification of the cell, organism, organelle, or embryo can result in altered expression (up-regulation or down-regulation), inactivation, or the expression of an altered protein product or an integrated sequence. In those embodiments wherein the chromosomal modification results in either the inactivation of a gene or the expression of a non-functional protein product, the genetically modified cell, organism, organelle, or embryo is referred to as a “knock out”. The knock out phenotype can be the result of a deletion mutation (i.e., deletion of at least one nucleotide), an insertion mutation (i.e., insertion of at least one nucleotide), or a nonsense mutation (i.e., substitution of at least one nucleotide such that a stop codon is introduced).

Alternatively, the chromosomal modification of a cell, organism, organelle, or embryo can produce a “knock in”, which results from the chromosomal integration of a nucleotide sequence that encodes a protein. In some of these embodiments, the coding sequence is integrated into the chromosome such that the chromosomal sequence encoding the wild-type protein is inactivated, but the exogenously introduced protein is expressed.

In other embodiments, the chromosomal modification results in the production of a variant protein product. The expressed variant protein product can have at least one amino acid substitution and/or the addition or deletion of at least one amino acid. The variant protein product encoded by the altered chromosomal sequence can exhibit modified characteristics or activities when compared to the wild-type protein, including but not limited to altered enzymatic activity or substrate specificity.

In yet other embodiments, the chromosomal modification can result in an altered expression pattern of a protein. As a non-limiting example, chromosomal alterations in the regulatory regions controlling the expression of a protein product can result in the overexpression or downregulation of the protein product or an altered tissue or temporal expression pattern.

The cells that have been modified can be grown into an organism, such as a plant, in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and either pollinated with the same modified strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having the genetic modification. The present invention provides genetically modified seed. Progeny, variants, and mutants of the regenerated plants are also included within the scope of the invention, provided that these parts comprise the genetic modification. Further provided is a processed plant product or byproduct that retains the genetic modification, including for example, soymeal.

The methods provided herein may be used for modification of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plants of interest include, but are not limited to, corn (maize), sorghum, wheat, sunflower, tomato, crucifers, peppers, potato, cotton, rice, soybean, sugarbeet, sugarcane, tobacco, barley, and oilseed rape, Brassica sp., alfalfa, rye, millet, safflower, peanuts, sweet potato, cassava, coffee, coconut, pineapple, citrus trees, cocoa, tea, banana, avocado, fig, guava, mango, olive, papaya, cashew, macadamia, almond, oats, vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers.

Vegetables include, but are not limited to, tomatoes, lettuce, green beans, lima beans, peas, and members of the genus Curcumis such as cucumber, cantaloupe, and musk melon. Ornamentals include, but are not limited to, azalea, hydrangea, hibiscus, roses, tulips, daffodils, petunias, carnation, poinsettia, and chrysanthemum. Preferably, plants of the present invention are crop plants (for example, maize, sorghum, wheat, sunflower, tomato, crucifers, peppers, potato, cotton, rice, soybean, sugarbeet, sugarcane, tobacco, barley, oilseed rape, etc.).

The methods provided herein can also be used to genetically modify any prokaryotic species, including but not limited to, archaea and bacteria (e.g., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella sp. Streptomyces sp., Rhizobium sp., Escherichia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Vibrio sp., Yersinia sp., Mycoplasma sp., Agrobacterium, Lactobacillus sp.).

The methods provided herein can be used to genetically modify any eukaryotic species or cells therefrom, including but not limited to animals (e.g., mammals, insects, fish, birds, and reptiles), fungi, amoeba, algae, and yeast. In some embodiments, the cell that is modified by the presently disclosed methods include cells of hematopoietic origin, such as cells of the immune system including but not limited to B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, pluripotent stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Cells that have been modified may be introduced into an organism. These cells could have originated from the same organism (e.g., person) in the case of autologous cellular transplants, wherein the cells are modified in an ex vivo approach. Alternatively, the cells originated from another organism within the same species (e.g., another person) in the case of allogeneic cellular transplants.

The article “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “a polypeptide” means one or more polypeptides.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended embodiments.

Non-limiting embodiments include:

-   -   1. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide encoding         an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide, wherein said         polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an RGN         polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22,         29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123,         and 570-579;     -   wherein said RGN polypeptide is capable of binding a target DNA         sequence in an RNA-guided sequence specific manner when bound to         a guide RNA (gRNA) capable of hybridizing to said target DNA         sequence, and         -   wherein said polynucleotide encoding an RGN polypeptide is             operably linked to a promoter heterologous to said             polynucleotide.     -   2. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 1, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,         36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and         570-579.     -   3. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 1, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having 100%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,         36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and         570-579.     -   4. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 1, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 63         and has an isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding to         305, a valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328, a         leucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, a         threonine at an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and a         valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID         NO: 63.     -   5. The nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1-4,         wherein said RGN polypeptide is capable of cleaving said target         DNA sequence upon binding.     -   6. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 5, wherein said RGN         polypeptide is capable of generating a double-stranded break.     -   7. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 5, wherein said RGN         polypeptide is capable of generating a single-stranded break.     -   8. The nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1-4,         wherein said RGN polypeptide is nuclease inactive or is a         nickase.     -   9. The nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1-8,         wherein the RGN polypeptide is operably fused to a base-editing         polypeptide.     -   10. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 9, wherein the         base-editing polypeptide is a deaminase.     -   11. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 10, wherein the         deaminase is a cytidine deaminase or an adenine deaminase.     -   12. The nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1-11,         wherein the RGN polypeptide comprises one or more nuclear         localization signals.     -   13. The nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1-12,         wherein the RGN polypeptide is codon optimized for expression in         a eukaryotic cell.     -   14. The nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1-13,         wherein said target DNA sequence is located adjacent to a         protospacer adjacent motif (PAM).     -   15. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of         embodiments 1-14.     -   16. The vector of embodiment 15, further comprising at least one         nucleotide sequence encoding said gRNA capable of hybridizing to         said target DNA sequence.     -   17. The vector of embodiment 16, wherein the guide RNA is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 3;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             1;     -   b) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 10;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             8;     -   c) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 17;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             15;     -   d) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 24;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             22;     -   e) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 31;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             29;     -   f) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 38;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             36;     -   g) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 45;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             43;     -   h) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 52;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             50;     -   i) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 58;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             56;     -   j) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 65;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to any one of             SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 72;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             70;     -   l) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 78;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             76;     -   m) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 85;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             83;     -   n) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 91;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             89;     -   o) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 98;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             96;     -   p) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 105;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             103;     -   q) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 112;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             110;     -   r) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 119;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             117;     -   s) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 125;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             123; and     -   t) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 78;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             83.     -   18. The vector of embodiment 16, wherein the guide RNA is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 3;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             1;     -   b) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 10;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             8;     -   c) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 17;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             15;     -   d) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 24;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             22;     -   e) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 31;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             29;     -   f) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 38;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             36;     -   g) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 45;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             43;     -   h) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 52;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             50;     -   i) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 58;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             56;     -   j) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 65;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to any one of             SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 72;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             70;     -   l) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 78;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             76;     -   m) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 85;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             83;     -   n) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 91;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             89;     -   o) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 98;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             96;     -   p) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 105;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             103;     -   q) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 112;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             110;     -   r) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 119;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             117;     -   s) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 125;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             123; and     -   t) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ             ID NO: 78;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             83.     -   19. The vector of embodiment 16, wherein the guide RNA is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             3;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             10;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8;     -   c) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             17;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             24;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             31;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             38;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             45;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             52;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             58;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             65;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID             NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             72;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70;     -   l) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             78;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             85;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             91;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             98;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             105;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             112;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             119;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             125;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123;             and     -   t) a guide RNA comprising:         -   i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having             100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and         -   ii) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:             78;         -   wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid             sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83.     -   20. The vector of any one of embodiments 16-19, where said gRNA         is a single guide RNA.     -   21. The vector of any one of embodiments 16-19, wherein said         gRNA is a dual-guide RNA.     -   22. A cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of         embodiments 1-14 or the vector of any one of embodiments 15-21.     -   23. A method for making an RGN polypeptide comprising culturing         the cell of embodiment 22 under conditions in which the RGN         polypeptide is expressed.     -   24. A method for making an RGN polypeptide comprising         introducing into a cell a heterologous nucleic acid molecule         comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an RNA-guided nuclease         (RGN) polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at         least 90% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15,         22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117,         123, and 570-579;     -   wherein said RGN polypeptide is capable of binding a target DNA         sequence in an RNA-guided sequence specific manner when bound to         a guide RNA (gRNA) capable of hybridizing to said target DNA         sequence;     -   and culturing said cell under conditions in which the RGN         polypeptide is expressed.     -   25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50,         56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and 570-579.     -   26. The method of embodiment 24, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63,         70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and 570-579.     -   27. The method of embodiment 24, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 63 and has an         isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 305, a         valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328, a leucine         at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, a threonine at         an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and a valine at an         amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID NO: 63.     -   28. The method of any one of embodiments 23-27, further         comprising purifying said RGN polypeptide.     -   29. The method of any one of embodiments 23-27, wherein said         cell further expresses one or more guide RNAs capable of binding         to said RGN polypeptide to form an RGN ribonucleoprotein         complex.     -   30. The method of embodiment 29, further comprising purifying         said RGN ribonucleoprotein complex.     -   31. An isolated RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide, wherein         said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at         least 90% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15,         22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117,         123, and 570-579; and     -   wherein said RGN polypeptide is capable of binding a target DNA         sequence of a DNA molecule in an RNA-guided sequence specific         manner when bound to a guide RNA (gRNA) capable of hybridizing         to said target DNA sequence.     -   32. The isolated RGN polypeptide of embodiment 31, wherein said         RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22,         29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123,         and 570-579.     -   33. The isolated RGN polypeptide of embodiment 31, wherein said         RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having 100%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,         36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and         570-579.     -   34. The isolated RGN polypeptide of embodiment 31, wherein said         RGN polypeptide has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         63 and has an isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding         to 305, a valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328,         a leucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, a         threonine at an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and a         valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID         NO: 63.     -   35. The isolated RGN polypeptide of any one of embodiments         31-34, wherein said RGN polypeptide is capable of cleaving said         target DNA sequence upon binding.     -   36. The isolated RGN polypeptide of embodiment 35, wherein         cleavage by said RGN polypeptide generates a double-stranded         break.     -   37. The isolated RGN polypeptide of embodiment 35, wherein         cleavage by said RGN polypeptide generates a single-stranded         break.     -   38. The isolated RGN polypeptide of any one of embodiments         31-34, wherein said RGN polypeptide is nuclease inactive or a         nickase.     -   39. The isolated RGN polypeptide of any one of embodiments         31-38, wherein the RGN polypeptide is operably fused to a         base-editing polypeptide.     -   40. The isolated RGN polypeptide of embodiment 39, wherein the         base-editing polypeptide is a deaminase.     -   41. The isolated RGN polypeptide of any one of embodiments         31-40, wherein said target DNA sequence is located adjacent to a         protospacer adjacent motif (PAM).     -   42. The isolated RGN polypeptide of any one of embodiments         31-41, wherein the RGN polypeptide comprises one or more nuclear         localization signals.     -   43. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide encoding         a CRISPR RNA (crRNA), wherein said crRNA comprises a spacer         sequence and a CRISPR repeat sequence, wherein said CRISPR         repeat sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23,         30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, and         124;     -   wherein a guide RNA comprising:         -   a) said crRNA; and         -   b) a trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) hybridized to             said CRISPR repeat sequence of said crRNA;     -   is capable of hybridizing to a target DNA sequence in a sequence         specific manner through the spacer sequence of said crRNA when         said guide RNA is bound to an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN)         polypeptide, and         -   wherein said polynucleotide encoding a crRNA is operably             linked to a promoter heterologous to said polynucleotide.     -   44. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 43, wherein said         CRISPR repeat sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having at         least 95% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16,         23, 30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118,         and 124.     -   45. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 43, wherein said         CRISPR repeat sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence having         100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 9, 16, 23,         30, 37, 44, 51, 57, 64, 71, 77, 84, 90, 97, 104, 111, 118, and         124.     -   46. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of         embodiments 43-45.     -   47. The vector of embodiment 46, wherein said vector further         comprises a polynucleotide encoding said tracrRNA.     -   48. The vector of embodiment 47, wherein said tracrRNA is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 3, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2;     -   b) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 10, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9;     -   c) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 17, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   d) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 24, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23;     -   e) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 31, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30;     -   f) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 38, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37;     -   g) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 45, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44;     -   h) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 52, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51;     -   i) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 58, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57;     -   j) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 65, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64;     -   k) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 72, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71;     -   l) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 78, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77;     -   m) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 85, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84;     -   n) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 91, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90;     -   o) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 98, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97;     -   p) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 105, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104;     -   q) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 112, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111;     -   r) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 119, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118; and     -   s) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 125, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124.     -   49. The vector of embodiment 47, wherein said tracrRNA is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 3, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2;     -   b) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 10, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9;     -   c) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 17, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   d) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 24, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23;     -   e) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 31, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30;     -   f) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 38, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37;     -   g) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 45, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44;     -   h) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 52, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51;     -   i) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 58, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57;     -   j) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 65, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64;     -   k) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 72, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71;     -   l) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 78, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77;     -   m) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 85, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84;     -   n) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 91, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90;     -   o) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 98, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97;     -   p) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 105, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104;     -   q) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 112, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111;     -   r) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 119, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118; and     -   s) a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 125, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124.     -   50. The vector of embodiment 47, wherein said tracrRNA is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 2;     -   b) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 9;     -   c) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 16;     -   d) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 23;     -   e) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 30;     -   f) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 37;     -   g) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 44;     -   h) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 51;     -   i) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 57;     -   j) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 64;     -   k) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 71;     -   l) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 77;     -   m) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 84;     -   n) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 90;     -   o) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 97;     -   p) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 104;     -   q) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 111;     -   r) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 118; and     -   s) a tracrRNA having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125,         wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 124.     -   51. The vector of any one of embodiments 47-50, wherein said         polynucleotide encoding said crRNA and said polynucleotide         encoding said tracrRNA are operably linked to the same promoter         and are encoded as a single guide RNA.     -   52. The vector of any one of embodiments 47-50, wherein said         polynucleotide encoding said crRNA and said polynucleotide         encoding said tracrRNA are operably linked to separate         promoters.     -   53. The vector of any one of embodiments 46-52, wherein said         vector further comprises a polynucleotide encoding said RGN         polypeptide.     -   54. The vector of embodiment 53, wherein said RGN polypeptide is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 29, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 36, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 43, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 50, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         any one of SEQ ID NO: 63 and 570-579, wherein said CRISPR repeat         sequence has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and         said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         65;     -   k) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 70, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 76, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 89, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 96, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 110, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 117, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119;     -   s) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 123, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125; and     -   t) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   55. The vector of embodiment 53, wherein said RGN polypeptide is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 29, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 36, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 43, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 50, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         any one of SEQ ID NO: 63 and 570-579, wherein said CRISPR repeat         sequence has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and         said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         65;     -   k) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 70, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 76, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 89, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 96, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 110, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 117, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119;     -   s) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 123, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125; and     -   t) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   56. The vector of embodiment 53, wherein said RGN polypeptide is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         1, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         8, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         15, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         22, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         29, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         36, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         43, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         50, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         56, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to any one of         SEQ ID NO: 63 and 570-579, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence         has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and said tracrRNA         has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         70, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         76, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         83, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         89, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         96, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         103, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         110, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         117, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 119;     -   s) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         123, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 125; and     -   t) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         83, wherein said CRISPR repeat sequence has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   57. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide encoding         a trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) comprising a nucleotide         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 3,         10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105,         112, 119, or 125;     -   wherein a guide RNA comprising:         -   a) said tracrRNA; and         -   b) a crRNA comprising a spacer sequence and a CRISPR repeat             sequence, wherein said tracrRNA hybridizes with said CRISPR             repeat sequence of said crRNA;     -   is capable of hybridizing to a target DNA sequence in a sequence         specific manner through the spacer sequence of said crRNA when         said guide RNA is bound to an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN)         polypeptide, and         -   wherein said polynucleotide encoding a tracrRNA is operably             linked to a promoter heterologous to said polynucleotide.     -   58. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 57, wherein said         tracrRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52,         58, 65, 72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125.     -   59. The nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 57, wherein said         tracrRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NOs: 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52, 58, 65,         72, 78, 85, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, or 125.     -   60. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of         embodiments 57-59.     -   61. The vector of embodiment 60, wherein said vector further         comprises a polynucleotide encoding said crRNA.     -   62. The vector of embodiment 61, wherein said crRNA comprises a         CRISPR repeat sequence selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein said tracrRNA has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein said tracrRNA has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 16, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 23, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 30, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 37, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 44, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 51, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 57, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 64, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 71, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 77, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 84, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 90, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 97, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 104, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 111, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 118, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119; and     -   s) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 124, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125.     -   63. The vector of embodiment 61, wherein said crRNA comprises a         CRISPR repeat sequence selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein said tracrRNA has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein said tracrRNA has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 16, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 23, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 30, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 37, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 44, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 51, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 57, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 64, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 71, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 77, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 84, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 90, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 97, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 104, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 111, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 118, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119; and     -   s) a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 124, wherein said tracrRNA has at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125.     -   64. The vector of embodiment 61, wherein said crRNA comprises a         CRISPR repeat sequence selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 2, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 9, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 16, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 23, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 30, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 37, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 44, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 51, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 57, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 64, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 71, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 77, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 84, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 90, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 97, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 104, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 111, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 118, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 119; and     -   s) a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 124, wherein said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 125.     -   65. The vector of any one of embodiments 61-64, wherein said         polynucleotide encoding said crRNA and said polynucleotide         encoding said tracrRNA are operably linked to the same promoter         and are encoded as a single guide RNA.     -   66. The vector of any one of embodiments 61-64, wherein said         polynucleotide encoding said crRNA and said polynucleotide         encoding said tracrRNA are operably linked to separate         promoters.     -   67. The vector of any one of embodiments 60-66, wherein said         vector further comprises a polynucleotide encoding said RGN         polypeptide.     -   68. The vector of embodiment 67, wherein said RGN polypeptide is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 3;     -   b) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 10;     -   c) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 17;     -   d) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 24;     -   e) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 29, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 31;     -   f) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 36, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 38;     -   g) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 43, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 45;     -   h) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 50, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 52;     -   i) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 58;     -   j) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         any one of SEQ ID NO: 63 and 570-579, wherein said crRNA         comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and said tracrRNA has at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 70, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 72;     -   l) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 76, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 78;     -   m) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 85;     -   n) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 89, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 91;     -   o) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 96, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 98;     -   p) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 105;     -   q) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 110, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 112;     -   r) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 117, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 119;     -   s) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 123, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 125; and     -   t) a RGN polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84         and said tracrRNA has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 78.     -   69. The vector of embodiment 67, wherein said RGN polypeptide is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 3;     -   b) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 8, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 10;     -   c) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 15, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 17;     -   d) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 22, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 24;     -   e) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 29, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 31;     -   f) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 36, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 38;     -   g) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 43, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 45;     -   h) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 50, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 52;     -   i) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 58;     -   j) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         any one of SEQ ID NO: 63 and 570-579, wherein said crRNA         comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 95% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and said tracrRNA has at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 70, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 72;     -   l) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 76, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 78;     -   m) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 85;     -   n) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 89, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 91;     -   o) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 96, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 98;     -   p) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 103, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 105;     -   q) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 110, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 112;     -   r) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 117, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 119;     -   s) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 123, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 125; and     -   t) a RGN polypeptide having at least 95% sequence identity to         SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84         and said tracrRNA has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 78.     -   70. The vector of embodiment 67, wherein said RGN polypeptide is         selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         1, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         8, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         15, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         22, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         29, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         36, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         43, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         50, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         56, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to any one of         SEQ ID NO: 63 and 570-579, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR         repeat sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64         and said tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         70, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         76, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         83, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         89, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         96, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         103, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence         having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and said         tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         110, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence         having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and said         tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         117, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence         having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and said         tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119;     -   s) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         123, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence         having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and said         tracrRNA has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125; and     -   t) a RGN polypeptide having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         83, wherein said crRNA comprises a CRISPR repeat sequence having         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and said tracrRNA has         100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   71. A system for binding a target DNA sequence of a DNA         molecule, said system comprising:         -   a) one or more guide RNAs capable of hybridizing to said             target DNA sequence or one or more polynucleotides             comprising one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the one             or more guide RNAs (gRNAs); and         -   b) an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide comprising an             amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to             any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63,             70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and 570-579 or a             polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the             RGN polypeptide;     -   wherein at least one of said nucleotide sequences encoding the         one or more guide RNAs and said nucleotide sequence encoding the         RGN polypeptide is operably linked to a promoter heterologous to         said nucleotide sequence;         -   wherein the one or more guide RNAs are capable of             hybridizing to the target DNA sequence, and         -   wherein the one or more guide RNAs are capable of forming a             complex with the RGN polypeptide in order to direct said RGN             polypeptide to bind to said target DNA sequence of the DNA             molecule.     -   72. A system for binding a target DNA sequence of a DNA         molecule, said system comprising:         -   a) one or more guide RNAs capable of hybridizing to said             target DNA sequence or one or more polynucleotides             comprising one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the one             or more guide RNAs (gRNAs); and         -   b) an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide comprising an             amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to             any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63,             70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and 570-579;     -   wherein the one or more guide RNAs are capable of hybridizing to         the target DNA sequence, and     -   wherein the one or more guide RNAs are capable of forming a         complex with the RGN polypeptide in order to direct said RGN         polypeptide to bind to said target DNA sequence of the DNA         molecule.     -   73. The system of embodiment 71 or 72, wherein at least one of         said nucleotides sequences encoding the one or more guide RNAs         is operably linked to a promoter heterologous to said nucleotide         sequence.     -   74. The system of any one of embodiments 71-73, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,         36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and         570-579. 75. The system of any one of embodiments 71-73, wherein         said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having         100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22,         29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123,         and 570-579.     -   76. The system of any one of embodiments 71-73, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 63         and has an isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding to         305, a valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328, a         leucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, a         threonine at an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and a         valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID         NO: 63.     -   77. The system of any one of embodiments 71-76, wherein said RGN         polypeptide and said one or more guide RNAs are not found         complexed to one another in nature.     -   78. The system of any one of embodiments 71-77, wherein said         target DNA sequence is a eukaryotic target DNA sequence.     -   79. The system of any one of embodiments 71-78, wherein said         gRNA is a single guide RNA (sgRNA).     -   80. The system of any one of embodiments 71-78, wherein said         gRNA is a dual-guide RNA.     -   81. The system of any one of embodiments 71-80, wherein said         gRNA is selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83.     -   82. The system of any one of embodiments 71-80, wherein said         gRNA is selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83.     -   83. The system of any one of embodiments 71-80, wherein said         gRNA is selected from the group consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN polypeptide         comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity         to SEQ ID NO: 83.     -   84. The system of any one of embodiments 71-83, wherein said         target DNA sequence is located adjacent to a protospacer         adjacent motif (PAM).     -   85. The system of any one of embodiments 71-84, wherein the         target DNA sequence is within a cell.     -   86. The system of embodiment 85, wherein the cell is a         eukaryotic cell.     -   87. The system of embodiment 86, wherein the eukaryotic cell is         a plant cell.     -   88. The system of embodiment 86, wherein the eukaryotic cell is         a mammalian cell.     -   89. The system of embodiment 88, wherein said mammalian cell is         a human cell.     -   90. The system of embodiment 89, wherein said human cell is an         immune cell.     -   91. The system of embodiment 90, wherein said immune cell is a         stem cell.     -   92. The system of embodiment 91, wherein the stem cell is an         induced pluripotent stem cell.     -   93. The system of embodiment 86, wherein the eukaryotic cell is         an insect cell.     -   94. The system of embodiment 85, wherein the cell is a         prokaryotic cell.     -   95. The system of any one of embodiments 71-94, wherein when         transcribed the one or more guide RNAs is capable of hybridizing         to the target DNA sequence and the guide RNA is capable of         forming a complex with the RGN polypeptide to direct cleavage of         the target DNA sequence.     -   96. The system of embodiment 95, wherein the cleavage generates         a double-stranded break.     -   97. The system of embodiment 95, wherein the cleavage generates         a single-stranded break.     -   98. The system of any one of embodiments 71-94, wherein said RGN         polypeptide is nuclease inactive or is a nickase.     -   99. The system of any one of embodiments 71-98, wherein the RGN         polypeptide is operably linked to a base-editing polypeptide.     -   100. The system of embodiment 99, wherein the base-editing         polypeptide is a deaminase.     -   101. The system of embodiment 100, wherein the deaminase is a         cytidine deaminase or an adenine deaminase.     -   102. The system of any one of embodiments 71-101, wherein the         RGN polypeptide comprises one or more nuclear localization         signals.     -   103. The system of any one of embodiments 71-102, wherein the         RGN polypeptide is codon optimized for expression in a         eukaryotic cell.     -   104. The system of any one of embodiments 71-103, wherein         nucleotide sequences encoding the one or more guide RNAs and the         nucleotide sequence encoding an RGN polypeptide are located on         one vector.     -   105. The system of any one of embodiments 71-104, wherein said         system further comprises one or more donor polynucleotides or         one or more nucleotide sequences encoding the one or more donor         polynucleotides.     -   106. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid         molecule of any one of embodiments 1-14, 43-45, and 57-59, the         vector of any one of embodiments 15-21, 46-56, and 60-70, the         cell of embodiment 22, the isolated RGN polypeptide of any one         of embodiments 31-42, or the system of any one of embodiments         71-105, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.     -   107. A method for binding a target DNA sequence of a DNA         molecule comprising delivering a system according to any one of         embodiments 71-105, to said target DNA sequence or a cell         comprising the target DNA sequence.     -   108. The method of embodiment 107, wherein said RGN polypeptide         or said guide RNA further comprises a detectable label, thereby         allowing for detection of said target DNA sequence.     -   109. The method of embodiment 107, wherein said guide RNA or         said RGN polypeptide further comprises an expression modulator,         thereby modulating expression of said target DNA sequence or a         gene under transcriptional control by said target DNA sequence.     -   110. A method for cleaving or modifying a target DNA sequence of         a DNA molecule comprising delivering a system according to any         one of embodiments 71-105 to said target DNA sequence or a cell         comprising the DNA molecule, and cleavage or modification of         said target DNA sequence occurs.     -   111. The method of embodiment 110, wherein said modified target         DNA sequence comprises insertion of heterologous DNA into the         target DNA sequence.     -   112. The method of embodiment 110, wherein said modified target         DNA sequence comprises deletion of at least one nucleotide from         the target DNA sequence.     -   113. The method of embodiment 110, wherein said modified target         DNA sequence comprises mutation of at least one nucleotide in         the target DNA sequence.     -   114. A method for binding a target DNA sequence of a DNA         molecule comprising:     -   a) assembling an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) ribonucleotide         complex in vitro by combining:     -   i) one or more guide RNAs capable of hybridizing to the target         DNA sequence; and     -   ii) an RGN polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having         at least 90% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8,         15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110,         117, 123, and 570-579;     -    under conditions suitable for formation of the RGN         ribonucleotide complex; and     -   b) contacting said target DNA sequence or a cell comprising said         target DNA sequence with the in vitro-assembled RGN         ribonucleotide complex;     -   wherein the one or more guide RNAs hybridize to the target DNA         sequence, thereby directing said RGN polypeptide to bind to said         target DNA sequence.     -   115. The method of embodiment 114, wherein said RGN polypeptide         or said guide RNA further comprises a detectable label, thereby         allowing for detection of said target DNA sequence.     -   116. The method of embodiment 114, wherein said guide RNA or         said RGN polypeptide further comprises an expression modulator,         thereby allowing for the modulation of expression of said target         DNA sequence.     -   117. A method for cleaving and/or modifying a target DNA         sequence of a DNA molecule, comprising contacting the DNA         molecule with:         -   a) an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide, wherein said             RGN comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%             sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22,             29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117,             123, and 570-579; and         -   b) one or more guide RNAs capable of targeting the RGN             of (a) to the target DNA sequence;     -   wherein the one or more guide RNAs hybridize to the target DNA         sequence, thereby directing said RGN polypeptide to bind to said         target DNA sequence and cleavage and/or modification of said         target DNA sequence occurs.     -   118. The method of embodiment 117, wherein cleavage by said RGN         polypeptide generates a double-stranded break.     -   119. The method of embodiment 117, wherein cleavage by said RGN         polypeptide generates a single-stranded break.     -   120. The method of embodiment 117, wherein said RGN polypeptide         is nuclease inactive or a nickase and is operably fused to a         base-editing polypeptide.     -   121. The method of embodiment 120, wherein the base-editing         polypeptide is a deaminase.     -   122. The method of embodiment 121, wherein the deaminase is a         cytidine deaminase or an adenine deaminase.     -   123. The method of embodiment 117, wherein said modified target         DNA sequence comprises insertion of heterologous DNA into the         target DNA sequence.     -   124. The method of embodiment 117, wherein said modified target         DNA sequence comprises deletion of at least one nucleotide from         the target DNA sequence.     -   125. The method of embodiment 117, wherein said modified target         DNA sequence comprises mutation of at least one nucleotide in         the target DNA sequence.     -   126. The method of any one of embodiments 114-125, wherein said         target DNA sequence is located adjacent to a protospacer         adjacent motif (PAM).     -   127. The method of any one of embodiments 114-126, wherein said         target DNA sequence is a eukaryotic target DNA sequence.     -   128. The method of any one of embodiments 114-127, wherein said         gRNA is a single guide RNA (sgRNA).     -   129. The method of any one of embodiments 114-127, wherein said         gRNA is a dual-guide RNA.     -   130. The method of any one of embodiments 114-129, wherein said         RGN comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,         36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and         570-579.     -   131. The method of any one of embodiments 114-129, wherein said         RGN comprises an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50,         56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, and 570-579.     -   132. The method of any one of embodiments 114-129, wherein said         RGN polypeptide has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         63 and has an isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding         to 305, a valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328,         a leucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, a         threonine at an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and a         valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID         NO: 63.     -   133. The method of any one of embodiments 114-129, wherein:     -   a) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to any one of SEQ         ID NOs: 63 and 570-579, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat         sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64         and a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 65;     -   k) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         103, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA         having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         110, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA         having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         117, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA         having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119;     -   s) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         123, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA         having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   t) said RGN has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   134. The method of any one of embodiments 114-129, wherein:     -   a) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to any one of SEQ         ID NOs: 63 and 570-579, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat         sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64         and a tracrRNA having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO: 65;     -   k) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         103, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA         having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         110, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA         having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         117, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA         having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119;     -   s) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         123, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA         having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   t) said RGN has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83,         said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   135. The method of any one of embodiments 114-129, wherein:     -   a) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 3;     -   b) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 10;     -   c) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 17;     -   d) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 24;     -   e) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 31;     -   f) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 38;     -   g) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 45;     -   h) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 52;     -   i) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 58;     -   j) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs:         63 and 570-579, said guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence         having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA         having 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65;     -   k) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 72;     -   l) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 78;     -   m) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 85;     -   n) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 91;     -   o) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 98;     -   p) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 105;     -   q) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 112;     -   r) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 119;     -   s) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   t) said RGN has 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83, said         guideRNA comprises a crRNA repeat sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 78.     -   136. The method of any one of embodiments 107-135, wherein the         target DNA sequence is within a cell.     -   137. The method of embodiment 136, wherein the cell is a         eukaryotic cell.     -   138. The method of embodiment 137, wherein the eukaryotic cell         is a plant cell.     -   139. The method of embodiment 137, wherein the eukaryotic cell         is a mammalian cell.     -   140. The method of embodiment 139, wherein said mammalian cell         is a human cell.     -   141. The method of embodiment 140, wherein said human cell is an         immune cell.     -   142. The method of embodiment 141, wherein said immune cell is a         stem cell.     -   143. The method of embodiment 142, wherein said stem cell is an         induced pluripotent stem cell.     -   144. The method of embodiment 137, wherein the eukaryotic cell         is an insect cell.     -   145. The method of embodiment 136, wherein the cell is a         prokaryotic cell.     -   146. The method of any one of embodiments 136-145, further         comprising culturing the cell under conditions in which the RGN         polypeptide is expressed and cleaves the target DNA sequence to         produce a DNA molecule comprising a modified DNA sequence; and         selecting a cell comprising said modified target DNA sequence.     -   147. A cell comprising a modified target DNA sequence according         to the method of embodiment 146.     -   148. The cell of embodiment 147, wherein the cell is a         eukaryotic cell.     -   149. The cell of embodiment 148, wherein the eukaryotic cell is         a plant cell.     -   150. A plant comprising the cell of embodiment 149.     -   151. A seed comprising the cell of embodiment 149.     -   152. The cell of embodiment 148, wherein the eukaryotic cell is         a mammalian cell.     -   153. The cell of embodiment 152, wherein said mammalian cell is         a human cell.     -   154. The cell of embodiment 153, wherein said human cell is an         immune cell.     -   155. The cell of embodiment 154, wherein said immune cell is a         stem cell.     -   156. The cell of embodiment 155, wherein said stem cell is an         induced pluripotent stem cell.     -   157. The cell of embodiment 148, wherein the eukaryotic cell is         an insect cell.     -   158. The cell of embodiment 147, wherein the cell is a         prokaryotic cell.     -   159. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the cell of any one         of embodiments 148 and 152-156 and a pharmaceutically acceptable         carrier.     -   160. A method for producing a genetically modified cell with a         correction in a causal mutation for a genetically inherited         disease, the method comprising introducing into the cell:     -   a) an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide, wherein the RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50,         56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, or a         polynucleotide encoding said RGN polypeptide, wherein said         polynucleotide encoding the RGN polypeptide is operably linked         to a promoter to enable expression of the RGN polypeptide in the         cell; and     -   b) a guide RNA (gRNA) or a polynucleotide encoding said gRNA,         wherein said polynucleotide encoding the gRNA is operably linked         to a promoter to enable expression of the gRNA in the cell     -   whereby the RGN and gRNA target to the genomic location of the         causal mutation and modify the genomic sequence to remove the         causal mutation.     -   161. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the RGN is nuclease         inactive or a nickase and is fused to a polypeptide which has         base-editing activity.     -   162. The method of embodiment 161, wherein the base-editing         polypeptide is a deaminase.     -   163. The method of embodiment 162, wherein the polypeptide with         base-editing activity is a cytidine deaminase or an adenine         deaminase.     -   164. The method of any one of embodiments 160-163, wherein the         genetically inherited disease is caused by a single nucleotide         polymorphism.     -   165. The method of any one of embodiments 160-163, wherein the         genetically inherited disease is Hurler Syndrome.     -   166. The method of any one of embodiments 160-163, wherein the         gRNA further comprises a spacer sequence that targets a region         proximal to the causal single nucleotide polymorphism.     -   167. A method for producing a genetically modified cell with a         deletion in a disease-causing genomic region of instability, the         method comprising introducing into the cell:     -   a) an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide, wherein the RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50,         56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, or a         polynucleotide encoding said RGN polypeptide, wherein said         polynucleotide encoding the RGN polypeptide is operably linked         to a promoter to enable expression of the RGN polypeptide in the         cell; and     -   b) a first guide RNA (gRNA) or a polynucleotide encoding said         gRNA, wherein said polynucleotide encoding the gRNA is operably         linked to a promoter to enable expression of the gRNA in the         cell, and further wherein the gRNA comprises a spacer sequence         that targets the 5′ flank of the genomic region of instability;         and     -   c) a second guide RNA (gRNA) or a polynucleotide encoding said         gRNA, wherein said polynucleotide encoding the gRNA is operably         linked to a promoter to enable expression of the gRNA in the         cell, and further wherein said second gRNA comprises a spacer         sequence that targets the 3′ flank of the genomic region of         instability;     -   whereby the RGN and the two gRNAs target to the genomic region         of instability and at least a portion of the genomic region of         instability is removed.     -   168. The method of embodiment 167, wherein the genetically         inherited disease is Friedrich's Ataxia or Huntington's Disease.     -   169. The method of embodiment 167, wherein the first gRNA         further comprises a spacer sequence that targets a region within         or proximal to the genomic region of instability.     -   170. The method of embodiment 169, wherein the second gRNA         further comprises a spacer sequence that targets a region within         or proximal to the genomic region of instability.     -   171. The method of any one of embodiments 160-170, wherein said         RGN polypeptide has at least 95% sequence identity to any one of         SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83,         89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579.     -   172. The method of any one of embodiments 160-170, wherein said         RGN polypeptide has 100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID         NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96,         103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579.     -   173. The method of any one of embodiments 160-170, wherein said         RGN polypeptide has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:         63 and has an isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding         to 305, a valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328,         a leucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, a         threonine at an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and a         valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID         NO: 63.     -   174. The method of any one of embodiments 160-170, wherein said         gRNA, said first gRNA, said second gRNA, or said first gRNA and         said second gRNA is selected from a gRNA selected from the group         consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83.     -   175. The method of any one of embodiments 160-170, wherein said         gRNA, said first gRNA, said second gRNA, or said first gRNA and         said second gRNA is selected from a gRNA selected from the group         consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein NO: 83.     -   176. The method of any one of embodiments 160-170, wherein said         gRNA, said first gRNA, said second gRNA, or said first gRNA and         said second gRNA is selected from a gRNA selected from the group         consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to any         one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 83.     -   177. The method of any one of embodiments 160-176, wherein the         cell is an animal cell.     -   178. The method of embodiment 177, wherein the animal cell is a         mammalian cell.     -   179. The method of embodiment 177, wherein the cell is derived         from a dog, cat, mouse, rat, rabbit, horse, cow, pig, or human.     -   180. A method for producing a genetically modified mammalian         hematopoietic progenitor cell having decreased BCL11A mRNA and         protein expression, the method comprising introducing into an         isolated human hematopoietic progenitor cell:     -   a) an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide, wherein the RGN         polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50,         56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117, 123, or 570-579, or a         polynucleotide encoding said RGN polypeptide, wherein said         polynucleotide encoding the RGN polypeptide is operably linked         to a promoter to enable expression of the RGN polypeptide in the         cell; and     -   b) a guide RNA (gRNA) or a polynucleotide encoding said gRNA,         wherein said polynucleotide encoding the gRNA is operably linked         to a promoter to enable expression of the gRNA in the cell,     -   whereby the RGN and gRNA are expressed in the cell and cleave at         the BCL11A enhancer region, resulting in genetic modification of         the human hematopoietic progenitor cell and reducing the mRNA         and/or protein expression of BCL11A.     -   181. The method of embodiment 180, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has at least 95% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1,         8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110,         117, 123, or 570-579.     -   182. The method of embodiment 180, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has 100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 8, 15,         22, 29, 36, 43, 50, 56, 63, 70, 76, 83, 89, 96, 103, 110, 117,         123, or 570-579.     -   183. The method of embodiment 180, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 63 and has an         isoleucine at an amino acid position corresponding to 305, a         valine at an amino acid position corresponding to 328, a leucine         at an amino acid position corresponding to 366, a threonine at         an amino acid position corresponding to 368, and a valine at an         amino acid position corresponding to 405 of SEQ ID NO: 63.     -   184. The method of embodiment 180, wherein said gRNA is selected         from the group consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 90%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83.     -   185. The method of embodiment 180, wherein said gRNA is selected         from the group consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein NO: 123;         and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least         95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having at         least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having at least 95%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83.     -   186. The method of embodiment 180, wherein said gRNA is selected         from the group consisting of:     -   a) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 1;     -   b) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 8;     -   c) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 16 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 15;     -   d) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 23 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 24, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 22;     -   e) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 30 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 31, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 29;     -   f) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 38, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 36;     -   g) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 44 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 45, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 43;     -   h) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 50;     -   i) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 57 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 56;     -   j) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to any         one of SEQ ID NOs: 63 and 570-579;     -   k) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 71 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 72, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 70;     -   l) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 77 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 76;     -   m) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 83;     -   n) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 90 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 91, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 89;     -   o) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 97 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 96;     -   p) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 104 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 105, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 103;     -   q) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 111 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 112, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 110;     -   r) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 118 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 117;     -   s) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 124 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 125, wherein said RGN         polypeptide has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence         identity to SEQ ID NO: 123; and     -   t) a gRNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84 and a tracrRNA having 100%         sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 78, wherein said RGN polypeptide         has an amino acid sequence having 100% sequence identity to SEQ         ID NO: 83.     -   187. The method of any one of embodiments 180-186, wherein the         gRNA further comprises a spacer sequence that targets a region         within or proximal to the BCL11A enhancer region.     -   188. A method of treating a disease, said method comprising         administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount         of a pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 106 or 159.     -   189. The method of embodiment 188, wherein said disease is         associated with a causal mutation and said effective amount of         said pharmaceutical composition corrects said causal mutation.     -   190. Use of the nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments         1-14, 43-45, and 57-59, the vector of any one of embodiments         15-21, 46-56, and 60-70, the cell of any one of embodiments 22,         147, 148, and 152-156, the isolated RGN polypeptide of any one         of embodiments 31-42, or the system of any one of embodiments         71-105 for the treatment of a disease in a subject.     -   191. The use of embodiment 190, wherein said disease is         associated with a causal mutation and said treating comprises         correcting said causal mutation.     -   192. Use of the nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments         1-14, 43-45, and 57-59, the vector of any one of embodiments         15-21, 46-56, and 60-70, the cell of any one of embodiments 22,         147, 148, and 152-156, the isolated RGN polypeptide of any one         of embodiments 31-42, or the system of any one of embodiments         71-105 for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating a         disease.     -   193. The use of embodiment 192, wherein said disease is         associated with a causal mutation and an effective amount of         said medicament corrects said causal mutation.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Identification of RNA-Guided Nuclease

Nineteen distinct CRISPR-associated RNA-guided nucleases (RGNs) were identified and are described in Table 1 below. Table 1 provides the name of each RGN, its amino acid sequence, the source from which it was derived, and processed crRNA and tracrRNA sequences (see Example 2 for methods of identification). Table 1 further provides a generic single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequence, where the poly-N indicates the location of the spacer sequence which determines the nucleic acid target sequence of the sgRNA. For RGN systems APG06622, APG02787, and APG06248, the conserved sequence in the base of the hairpin stem of the tracrRNA is UNANNA (SEQ ID NO: 129). For APG06007, APG09344, and APG07991, the sequence in the same location is UNANNU (SEQ ID NO: 130). For APG02874, APG03850, and APG07553, the sequence in the same location is UNANNG (SEQ ID NO: 131). For RGN systems APG03031, APG09208, APG05586, APG08770, APG03021, APG06015, APG01868, and APG02998, the conserved sequence in the base of the hairpin stem of the tracrRNA is UNANNC (SEQ ID NO: 132). For APG08167 and APG01604, the sequence in the same location is CNANNC (SEQ ID NO: 133).

TABLE 1 Summary of SEQ IDs and CRISPR associated systems crRNA repeat sgRNA SEQ seq tracrRNA backbone ID (SEQ (SEQ (SEQ RGN ID NO. Source ID NO.) ID NO.) ID NO) APG06622 1 Pedobacter sp. 2 3 4 APG02787 8 Chitinophaga sp. 9 10 11 APG06248 15 Mucilaginibacter sp. 16 17 18 APG06007 22 Acidovorax sp. 23 24 25 APG02874 29 Bacillus sp. 30 31 32 APG03850 36 Bacillus sp. 37 38 39 APG07553 43 Bacillus sp. 44 45 46 APG03031 50 Chryseobacterium sp. 51 52 53 APG09208 56 Bacillus sp. 57 58 59 APG05586 63 Enterococcus sp. 64 65 66 APG08770 70 Enterococcus sp. 71 72 73 APG08167 76 Staphylococcus sp. 77 78 79 APG01604 83 Staphylococcus sp. 84 85 86 APG03021 89 Streptococcus sp. 90 91 92 APG06015 96 Pediococcus sp. 97 98 99 APG09344 103 Weissella sp. 104 105 106 APG07991 110 Enterococcus sp. 111 112 113 APG01868 117 Enterococcus sp. 118 119 120 APG02998 123 Enterococcus sp. 124 125 126

Example 2: Guide RNA Identification and sgRNA Construction

Cultures of bacteria that natively express the RNA-guided nuclease system under investigation were grown to mid-log phase (OD600 of ˜0.600), pelleted, and flash frozen. RNA was isolated from the pellets using a mirVANA miRNA Isolation Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), and sequencing libraries were prepared from the isolated RNA using an NEBNext Small RNA Library Prep kit (NEB, Beverly, MA). The library prep was fractionated on a 6% polyacrylamide gel to capture the RNA species less than 200 nt to detect crRNAs and tracrRNAs, respectively. Deep sequencing (75 bp paired-end) was performed on a Next Seq 500 (High Output kit) by a service provider (MoGene, St. Louis, MO). Reads were quality trimmed using Cutadapt and mapped to reference genomes using Bowtie2. A custom RNAseq pipeline was written in python to detect the crRNA and tracrRNA transcripts. Processed crRNA boundaries were determined by sequence coverage of the native repeat spacer array. The anti-repeat portion of the tracrRNA was identified using permissive BLASTn parameters. RNA sequencing depth confirmed the boundaries of the processed tracrRNA by identifying the transcript containing the anti-repeat. Manual curation of RNAs was performed using secondary structure prediction by NUPACK, an RNA folding software. sgRNA cassettes were prepared by DNA synthesis and were generally designed as follows (5′→3′): 20-30 bp spacer sequence, operably linked at its 3′ end to the processed repeat portion of the crRNA, operably linked to a 4 bp noncomplementary linker (AAAG; SEQ ID NO: 249), operably linked at its 3′ end to the processed tracrRNA. Other 4 bp noncomplementary linkers may also be used.

For in vitro assays, sgRNAs were synthesized by in vitro transcription of the sgRNA cassettes with a GeneArt™ Precision gRNA Synthesis Kit (ThermoFisher). Processed crRNA and tracrRNA sequences for each of the RGN polypeptides are identified and are set forth in Table 1. See below for the sgRNAs constructed for PAM libraries 1 and 2.

Example 3: Determination of PAM Requirements for Each RGN

PAM requirements for each RGN were determined using a PAM depletion assay essentially adapted from Kleinstiver et al. (2015) Nature 523:481-485 and Zetsche et al. (2015) Cell 163:759-771. Briefly, two plasmid libraries (L1 and L2) were generated in a pUC18 backbone (ampR), with each containing a distinct 30 bp protospacer (target) sequence flanked by 8 random nucleotides (i.e., the PAM region). The target sequence and flanking PAM region of library 1 and library 2 for each RGN are set forth in Table 2.

The libraries were separately electroporated into E. coli BL21(DE3) cells harboring pRSF-1b expression vectors containing an RGN of the invention (codon optimized for E. coli) along with a cognate sgRNA containing a spacer sequence corresponding to the protospacer in L1 or L2. Sufficient library plasmid was used in the transformation reaction to obtain >10⁶ CFU. Both the RGN and sgRNA in the pRSF-1b backbone were under the control of T7 promoters. The transformation reaction was allowed to recover for 1 hr after which it was diluted into LB media containing carbenicillin and kanamycin and grown overnight. The following day, the mixture was diluted into self-inducing Overnight Express™ Instant TB Medium (Millipore Sigma) to allow expression of the RGN and sgRNA, and grown for an additional 4 h or 20 h after which the cells were spun down and plasmid DNA was isolated with a Mini-prep kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD). In the presence of the appropriate sgRNA, plasmids containing a PAM that is recognizable by the RGN will be cleaved resulting in their removal from the population. Plasmids containing PAMs that are not recognizable by the RGN, or that are transformed into bacteria not containing an appropriate sgRNA, will survive and replicate. The PAM and protospacer regions of uncleaved plasmids were PCR-amplified and prepared for sequencing following published protocols (16s-metagenomic library prep guide 15044223B, Illumina, San Diego, CA). Deep sequencing (75 bp single end reads) was performed on a MiSeq (Illumina) by a service provider (MoGene, St. Louis, MO). Typically, 1-4M reads were obtained per amplicon. PAM regions were extracted, counted, and normalized to total reads for each sample. PAMs that lead to plasmid cleavage were identified by being underrepresented when compared to controls (i.e., when the library is transformed into E. coli containing the RGN but lacking an appropriate sgRNA). To represent PAM requirements for a novel RGN, the depletion ratios (frequency in sample/frequency in control) for all sequences in the region in question were converted to enrichment values with a −log base 2 transformation. Sufficient PAMs were defined as those with enrichment values >2.3 (which corresponds to depletion ratios <˜0.2). PAMs above this threshold in both libraries were collected and used to generate web logos, which for example can be generated using a web-based service on the internet known as “weblogo”. PAM sequences were identified and reported when there was a consistent pattern in the top enriched PAMs. A consensus PAM (having an enrichment factor (EF)>2.3) for each RGN is provided in Table 2. The PAM orientation is also indicated in Table 2.

TABLE 2 PAM or PAM-like determination sgRNA L1 sgRNA L2 PAM (SEQ (SEQ (SEQ PAM RGN ID ID NO.) ID NO.) ID NO.) orientation APG06622 5 6 7 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG02787 12 13 14 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG06248 19 20 21 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG06007 26 27 28 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG02874 33 34 35 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG03850 40 41 42 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG07553 47 48 49 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG03031 54 55 35 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG09208 60 61 62 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG05586 67 68 69 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG08770 74 75 69 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG08167 80 81 82 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG01604 87 88 82 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG03021 93 94 95 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG06015 100 101 102 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG09344 107 108 109 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG07991 114 115 116 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG01868 121 122 116 5′-target-PAM-3′ APG02998 127 128 116 5′-target-PAM-3′

Example 4: Demonstration of Gene Editing Activity in Mammalian Cells

RGN expression cassettes were produced and introduced into vectors for mammalian expression. Each RGN was codon-optimized for human expression (SEQ ID NOs: 134-152), and operably fused at the 5′ end to an SV40 nuclear localization sequence (NLS; SEQ ID NO: 251) and to 3×FLAG tags (SEQ ID NO: 252), and operably fused at the 3′ end to nucleoplasmin NLS sequences (SEQ ID NO: 253). Two copies of the NLS sequence were used, operably fused in tandem. Each expression cassette was under control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (SEQ ID NO: 258). It is known in the art that the CMB transcription enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 259) may also be included in constructs comprising the CMV promoter. Guide RNA expression constructs encoding a single gRNA each under the control of a human RNA polymerase III U6 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 260) were produced and introduced into the pTwist High Copy Amp vector. Sequences for the target sequences for each guide are in Table 3.

Several of the constructs described above were introduced into mammalian cells. One day prior to transfection, 1×10⁵HEK293T cells (Sigma) were plated in 24-well dishes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) plus 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum (Gibco) and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (Gibco). The next day when the cells were at 50-60% confluency, 500 ng of an RGN expression plasmid plus 500 ng of a single gRNA expression plasmid were co-transfected using 1.5 μL of Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Scientific) per well, following the manufacturer's instructions. After 48 hours of growth, total genomic DNA was harvested using a genomic DNA isolation kit (Machery-Nagel) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The total genomic DNA was then analyzed to determine the rate of editing for each RGN for each genomic target. First, oligonucleotides were produced to be used for PCR amplification and subsequent analysis of the amplified genomic target site. Oligonucleotide sequences used are listed in Table 4.

All PCR reactions were performed using 10 μL of 2× Master Mix Phusion High-Fidelity DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific) in a 20 μL reaction including 0.5 μM of each primer. Large genomic regions encompassing each target gene were first amplified using PCR #1 primers, using a program of: 98° C., 1 min; 30 cycles of [98° C., 10 sec; 62° C., 15 sec; 72° C., 5 min]; 72° C., 5 min; 12° C., forever. One microliter of this PCR reaction was then further amplified using primers specific for each guide (PCR #2 primers), using a program of: 98° C., 1 min; 35 cycles of [98° C., 10 sec; 67° C., 15 sec; 72° C., 30 sec]; 72° C., 5 min; 12° C., forever. Primers for PCR #2 include Nextera Read 1 and Read 2 Transposase Adapter overhang sequences for Illumina sequencing.

For RGNs APG02874, APG03850, and APG09208, methods were carried out as described above. A number of different genes in the human genome were targeted for RNA-guided cleavage. These loci are included in Table 3 below, along with the reference to the SEQ ID NO of the sgRNA. The indel percentage, which is an indication of RGN activity, is also shown.

TABLE 3 Target and sgRNA sequences for guide RNAs used to test gene editing activity in mammalian cells Target Sequence sgRNA RGN ID Gene Guide ID (SEQ ID NO.) (SEQ ID NO.) APG02874, APG09208 RelA SGN000973, 153 188, 206 SGN000778 APG02874 RelA SGN000974 154 189 APG02874 RelA SGN000975, 155 190, 208 SGN000780 APG02874, APG09208 AurkB SGN000976, 156 191, 204 SGN000775 APG02874, APG09208 AurkB SGN000977, 157 192, 205 SGN000776 APG02874 AurkB SGN000978 158 193 APG02874 VEGFA SGN000979 159 194 APG02874 VEGFA SGN000981 160 195 APG03850 RelA SGN000982 161 196 APG03850 RelA SGN000983 162 197 APG03850 RelA SGN000984 163 198 APG03850 AurkB SGN000985 164 199 APG03850 AurkB SGN000986 165 200 APG03850 AurkB SGN000987 166 201 APG03850 VEGFA SGN000988 167 202 APG03850 VEGFA SGN000990 168 203 APG09208 RelA SGN000779 169 207 APG09208 AurkB SGN000793 170 209 APG09208 AurkB SGN000794 171 210 APG05586 TRA SGN001163 553 557 APG05586 TRA SGN001164 554 558 APG05586 VEGFA SGN001165 555 559 APG05586 VEGFA SGN001166 556 560 APG09208 RelA SGN000778 153 206 APG09208 AurkB SGN000793 609 811 APG05586, APG08770, EMX1 SGN001159 610 812 APG09298 APG05586, APG08770, TRA SGN001162 611 813 APG09298 APG05586, APG08770, TRA SGN001163 612 814 APG09298 APG05586, APG08770, TRA SGN001164 613 815 APG09298 APG05586, APG08770, VEGFA SGN001165 614 816 APG09298 APG05586, APG08770, VEGFA SGN001166 615 817 APG09298 APG05586, APG09298 VEGFA SGN001167 616 818 APG09208 RelA SGN001213 617 819 APG08167, APG01604 VEGFA SGN001245 618 820 APG08167, APG01604 VEGFA SGN001246 619 821 APG08167, APG01604 VEGFA SGN001247 620 822 APG08167, APG01604 RelA SGN001248 621 823 APG08167, APG01604 RelA SGN001249 622 824 APG08167, APG01604 RelA SGN001250 623 825 APG08167, APG01604 AurkB SGN001251 624 826 APG08167, APG01604 AurkB SGN001252 625 827 APG08167, APG01604 AurkB SGN001253 626 828 APG07991 RelA SGN001312 627 829 APG07991 RelA SGN001313 628 830 APG07991 RelA SGN001314 629 831 APG01868 RelA SGN001315 630 832 APG01868 RelA SGN001316 631 833 APG01868 RelA SGN001317 632 834 APG02998 RelA SGN001318 633 835 APG02998 RelA SGN001319 634 836 APG02998 RelA SGN001320 635 837 APG09344 RelA SGN001321 636 838 APG06015 RelA SGN001322 637 839 APG03021 RelA SGN001323 638 840 APG09344 RelA SGN001324 639 841 APG06015 RelA SGN001325 640 842 APG03021 RelA SGN001326 641 843 APG06015 RelA SGN001327 642 844 APG03021 RelA SGN001328 643 845 APG09344 RelA SGN001329 644 846 APG03021 TRA SGN001330 645 847 APG03021 TRA SGN001331 646 848 APG03021 TRA SGN001332 647 849 APG06015 TRA SGN001333 648 850 APG06015 TRA SGN001334 649 851 APG06015 TRA SGN001335 650 852 APG09344 TRA SGN001336 651 853 APG09344 TRA SGN001337 652 854 APG09344 TRA SGN001338 653 855 APG07991 TRA SGN001339 654 856 APG07991 TRA SGN001340 655 857 APG07991 TRA SGN001341 656 858 APG01868 TRA SGN001342 657 859 APG01868 TRA SGN001343 658 860 APG01868 TRA SGN001344 659 861 APG01868 TRA SGN001692 660 862 APG02998 TRA SGN001345 661 863 APG02998 TRA SGN001346 662 864 APG02998 TRA SGN001347 663 865 APG03021 HA01 SGN001348 664 866 APG03021 HAO1 SGN001349 665 867 APG03021 HAO1 SGN001350 666 868 APG06015 HAO1 SGN001351 667 869 APG06015 HAO1 SGN001352 668 870 APG06015 HAO1 SGN001353 669 871 APG09344 HAO1 SGN001354 670 872 APG09344 HAO1 SGN001355 671 873 APG09344 HAO1 SGN001356 672 874 APG07991 HAO1 SGN001357 673 875 APG07991 HAO1 SGN001358 674 876 APG07991 HAO1 SGN001359 675 877 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001360 676 878 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001361 677 879 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001362 678 880 APG02998 HAO1 SGN001363 679 881 APG02998 HAO1 SGN001364 680 882 APG02998 HAO1 SGN001365 681 883 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001371 682 884 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001372 683 885 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001373 684 886 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001374 685 887 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001375 686 888 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001376 687 889 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001377 688 890 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001378 689 891 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001379 690 892 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001380 691 893 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001381 692 894 APG05586, APG09298 TRA SGN001382 693 895 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001383 694 896 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001384 695 897 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001385 696 898 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001386 697 899 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001387 698 900 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001388 699 901 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001389 700 902 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001390 701 903 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001391 702 904 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001392 703 905 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001393 704 906 APG05586, APG09298 B2M SGN001394 705 907 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001395 706 908 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001396 707 909 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001397 708 910 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001399 709 911 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001400 710 912 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001401 711 913 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001402 712 914 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001403 713 915 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001404 714 916 APG05586, APG09298 LDHA SGN001405 715 917 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001406 716 918 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001407 717 919 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001408 718 920 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001409 719 921 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001410 720 922 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001411 721 923 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001412 722 924 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001413 723 925 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001414 724 926 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001415 725 927 APG05586, APG09298 HAO1 SGN001416 726 928 APG01604 B2M SGN001592 727 929 APG01604 B2M SGN001593 728 930 APG01604 B2M SGN001594 729 931 APG01604 B2M SGN001595 730 932 APG01604 B2M SGN001596 731 933 APG01604 B2M SGN001597 732 934 APG01604 B2M SGN001598 733 935 APG01604 B2M SGN001599 734 936 APG01604 B2M SGN001600 735 937 APG01604 B2M SGN001601 736 938 APG01604 B2M SGN001602 737 939 APG01604 B2M SGN001603 738 940 APG01604 HA01 SGN001616 739 941 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001617 740 942 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001618 741 943 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001619 742 944 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001620 743 945 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001621 744 946 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001622 745 947 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001623 746 948 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001624 747 949 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001625 748 950 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001626 749 951 APG01604 HAO1 SGN001627 750 952 APG01604 LDHA SGN001640 751 953 APG01604 LDHA SGN001641 752 954 APG01604 LDHA SGN001642 753 955 APG01604 LDHA SGN001643 754 956 APG01604 LDHA SGN001644 755 957 APG01604 LDHA SGN001645 756 958 APG01604 LDHA SGN001646 757 959 APG01604 LDHA SGN001647 758 960 APG01604 LDHA SGN001648 759 961 APG01604 LDHA SGN001649 760 962 APG01604 LDHA SGN001650 761 963 APG01604 LDHA SGN001651 762 964 APG01604 TRA SGN001664 763 965 APG01604 TRA SGN001665 764 966 APG01604 TRA SGN001666 765 967 APG01604 TRA SGN001667 766 968 APG01604 TRA SGN001668 767 969 APG01604 TRA SGN001669 768 970 APG01604 TRA SGN001670 769 971 APG01604 TRA SGN001671 770 972 APG01604 TRA SGN001672 771 973 APG01604 TRA SGN001673 772 974 APG01604 TRA SGN001674 773 975 APG01604 TRA SGN001675 774 976 APG01868 TRA SGN001684 775 977 APG01868 TRA SGN001685 776 978 APG01868 TRA SGN001686 777 979 APG01868 TRA SGN001687 778 980 APG01868 TRA SGN001688 779 981 APG01868 TRA SGN001689 780 982 APG01868 TRA SGN001690 781 983 APG01868 TRA SGN001691 782 984 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001697 783 985 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001698 784 986 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001699 785 987 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001700 786 988 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001701 787 989 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001702 788 990 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001703 789 991 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001704 1176 992 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001705 1177 993 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001706 1178 994 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001707 1179 995 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001708 1180 996 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001709 1181 997 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001710 1182 998 APG01868 EMX1 SGN001711 1183 999 APG01868 HA01 SGN001713 1184 1000 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001714 1185 1001 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001715 790 1002 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001716 791 1003 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001717 792 1004 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001718 793 1005 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001719 794 1006 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001721 795 1007 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001722 796 1008 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001723 797 1009 APG01868 HAO1 SGN001724 798 1010 APG01868 LDHA SGN001725 799 1011 APG01868 LDHA SGN001726 800 1012 APG01868 LDHA SGN001727 801 1013 APG01868 LDHA SGN001728 802 1014 APG01868 LDHA SGN001729 803 1015 APG01868 LDHA SGN001730 804 1016 APG01868 LDHA SGN001731 805 1017 APG01868 LDHA SGN001732 806 1018 APG01868 LDHA SGN001733 807 1019 APG01868 LDHA SGN001734 808 1020 APG01868 LDHA SGN001735 809 1021 APG01868 VEGLA SGN001785 810 1022

TABLE 4 Oligonucleotides for detection of gene editing activity in mammalian cells SEQ Description Primer Sequence ID NO SGN000977 FWD CTTGTAGCTGGAGGTCCATC 172 SGN000977 REV TGTTGGCAAATCTAGTCTCG 173 SGN000978 FWD ACATTTGACGAGCAGCGAA 174 SGN000978 REV GGCCCCTGGAGAGGTTTTAA 175 SGN000979, SGN000982, SGN000988, ACACAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAG 176 SGN000990 FWD SGN000979, SGN000982, SGN000988, ATTCACCCAGCTTCCCTGTG 177 SGN000990 REV SGN000981 FWD GGCGTCGCACTGAAACTTTT 178 SGN000981 REV AGTTCATGGTTTCGGAGGCC 179 SGN000983 FWD CGACCAAACAAGTGCAAAGG 180 SGN000983 REV GGGTTGTTGTTGGTCTGGAT 181 SGN000775, SGN000776, SGN000793, ACTGCCATGGGAAGAAGGTG 182 SGN000794, SGN000976, SGN000985, SGN000986, SGN000987 FWD SGN000775, SGN000776, SGN000793, ACAATTCTCCTGCCTCAGCC 183 SGN000794, SGN000976, SGN000985, SGN000986, SGN000987 REV SGN000778, SGN000973, SGN000984 FWD TGGCCCCTATGTGGAGATCA 184 SGN000778, SGN000973, SGN000984 REV GGCAGAGCTCAGCCTCATAG 185 SGN000779, SGN000780, SGN000974, ATATCCCCACTTCCCCTGCT 186 SGN000975 FWD SGN000779, SGN000780, SGN000974, CACCTCAAGGACAGCTCTGG 187 SGN000975 REV SGN001163, SGN001164 FWD TTGATAGCTTGTGCCTGTCC 561 SGN01163, SGN001164REV AGAGTCTCTCAGCTGGTACA 562 SGN001165, SGN001166 FWD GCGACAGGGGCAAAGTGAGT 563 SGN001165, SGN001166REV CTAGCACTTCTCGCGGCTCC 564 SGN001382 FWD AACTCATGCCTGCTGCTCTT 1023 SGN001382 REV CAGTCTCACGCAGTCACTCA 1024 SGN001371, SGN001372, SGN001373, SGN001689, AACTGAGGCGGCTGAAATGA 1025 SGN001690 FWD SGN001371, SGN001372, SGN001373, SGN001689, TGGGACATGCAAGCCCATAA 1026 SGN001690 REV SGN001730 FWD AAGATGTTGACATGCTCTTCC 1027 SGN001730 REV TATGCAGTCAAAAGCCTCA 1028 SGN001353, SGN001356, SGN001359, SGN001362, AAGTCATTTGCTTGTTTGGA 1029 SGN001365, SGN001406, SGN001407, SGN001412, SGN001413, SGN001414, SGN001622, SGN001623, SGN001624, SGN001625, SGN001626, SGN001627 FWD SGN001353, SGN001356, SGN001359, SGN001362, TGGTGCATTCAGAGAAGGAG 1030 SGN001365, SGN001406, SGN001407, SGN001412, SGN001413, SGN001414, SGN001622, SGN001623, SGN001624, SGN001625, SGN001626, SGN001627 REV SGN001375, SGN001376, SGN001377 FWD AATGAAGCCAGGCAAGAGCA 1031 SGN001375, SGN001376, SGN001377 REV CTGTGCAAACCCAGGCTAGA 1032 SGN001251, SGN001252 FWD ACATTTGACGAGCAGCGAA 1033 SGN001251, SGN001252 REV GGCCCCTGGAGAGGTTTTAA 1034 SGN001380 FWD ACCCGGCCTGCTTTTCTTAA 1035 SGN001380 REV GGCAGCGAGGCATACATAGT 1036 SGN001731, SGN001732, SGN001733, SGN001734, ACCCTGCTTTTTCTGCCTTT 1037 SGN001735 FWD SGN001731, SGN001732, SGN001733, SGN001734, CAGGCCTAATGGACATTAATC 1038 SGN001735 REV CT SGN001374, SGN001688 FWD ACTCACTAAGGGGCCCATCT 1039 SGN001374, SGN001688 REV CAGGAGGAGGATTCGGAACC 1040 SGN001726, SGN001727, SGN001728, SGN001729 AGGAAAATGAATCACAATTAC 1041 FWD T SGN001726, SGN001727, SGN001728, SGN001729 GTGCGAAAGGGCAAGATTCT 1042 REV SGN001397 FWD AGGCCTTTCAACTCTCTTTTGG 1043 CA SGN001397 REV GGATGGGGTCAAGGTATGGGC 1044 SGN001213, SGN001248, SGN001249, SGN001321, ATGACATTCAGGCCACAGTG 1045 SGN001322, SGN001323 FWD SGN001213, SGN001248, SGN001249, SGN001321, CTTCCTCCTATTCAGGCCCA 1046 SGN001322, SGN001323 REV SGN001725 FWD CAGCTTTTGAAATGGGGTGC 1047 SGN001725 REV CAACAAATGGAGACCATCTGG 1048 A SGN001381 FWD CAGTATTCTAAGGACGCCAGA 1049 AA SGN001381 REV GCACTTTGGGAGGCTGAA 1050 SGN001390, SGN001391, SGN001392, SGN001393, CGGGCATTCCTGAAGCTG 1051 SGN001394, SGN001592, SGN001593, SGN001594, SGN001595, SGN001596, SGN001597, SGN001598, SGN001599, SGN001600, SGN001601, SGN001602, SGN001603 FWD SGN001390, SGN001391, SGN001392, SGN001393, GTAGGCCAAAGGTCTCCCC 1052 SGN001394, SGN001592, SGN001593, SGN001594, SGN001595, SGN001596, SGN001597, SGN001598, SGN001599, SGN001600, SGN001601, SGN001602, SGN001603 REV SGN001383, SGN001384, SGN001385, SGN001386, CTTGACACCAAGTTAGCCCC 1053 SGN001387, SGN001388, SGN001389 FWD SGN001383, SGN001384, SGN001385, SGN001386, TCATACACAACTTTCAGCAGC 1054 SGN001387, SGN001388, SGN001389 REV SGN000793, SGN001253 FWD CTTGTAGCTGGAGGTCCATC 1055 SGN000793, SGN001253 REV TGTTGGCAAATCTAGTCTCG 1056 SGN001379 FWD GAGCAGCTGAGTCAATGATAG 1057 T SGN001379 REV GGAGAGATCTGGAGGGAACTT 1058 A SGN001165, SGN001166, SGN001245 FWD GCAAAGTGAGTGACCTGCTT 1059 SGN001165, SGN001166, SGN001245 REV GAGCTAGCACTTCTCGCG 1060 SGN001738 FWD GCTGTTTGGGAGGTCAGAAA 1061 SGN001738 REV GAATATTGAAGGGGGCAGGG 1062 SGN001167, SGN001246, SGN001247, SGN001785 GGACACTTCCCAAAGGACC 1063 FWD SGNOO1167, SGN001246, SGN001247, SGN001785 CACGTCCTCACTCTCGAAGA 1064 REV SGN001399, SGN001402, SGN001403, SGN001646, GGCCTTCACTCTTCACAGACCC 1065 SGN001647, SGN001648, SGN001649, SGN001650, SGN001651 FWD SGN001399, SGN001402, SGN001403, SGN001646, GGATGGGGTCAAGGTATGGGC 1066 SGN001647, SGN001648, SGN001649, SGN001650, SGN001651 REV SGN001162, SGN001163, SGN001164, SGN001330, GGGCAAAGAGGGAAATGAGA 1067 SGN001331, SGN001332, SGN001333, SGN001334, SGN001335, SGN001336, SGN001337, SGN001338, SGN001339, SGN001340, SGN001341, SGN001342, SGN001343, SGN001344, SGN001345, SGN001346, SGN001347, SGN001664, SGN001665, SGN001666, SGN001667, SGN001668, SGN001669, SGN001670, SGN001671, SGN001672, SGN001673, SGN001674, SGN001675, SGN001684, SGN001685, SGN001686, SGN001687, SGN001691, SGN001692 FWD SGN001162, SGN001163, SGN001164, SGN001330, GAACCTGGCCATTCCTGAAG 1068 SGN001331, SGN001332, SGN001333, SGN001334, SGN001335, SGN001336, SGN001337, SGN001338, SGN001339, SGN001340, SGN001341, SGN001342, SGN001343, SGN001344, SGN001345, SGN001346, SGN001347, SGN001664, SGN001665, SGN001666, SGN001667, SGN001668, SGN001669, SGN001670, SGN001671, SGN001672, SGN001673, SGN001674, SGN001675, SGN001684, SGN001685, SGN001686, SGN001687, SGN001691, SGN001692 REV SGN001714, SGN001722 FWD GGTTTTTGGAGGTGGAGTTGA 1069 SGN001714, SGN001722 REV CCCCCTAACCAAGTGAAAAGA 1070 SGN001716, SGN001717, SGN001721 FWD TAGATAAATGAGCAGTGAACA 1071 GCC SGN001716, SGN001717, SGN001721 REV TCCACAAAGGATCACAAAGTC 1072 A SGN001313, SGN001316, SGN001319 FWD TGAGAGACAGTGGGACAGAC 1073 SGN001313, SGN001316, SGN001319 REV AGTCCTAGAGGAGGCAGAAC 1074 SGN001702, SGN001703, SGN001707, SGN001709, TGAGTCCGAGCAGAAGAAGA 1075 SGN001710, SGN001711 FWD SGN001702, SGN001703, SGN001707, SGN001709, GGAGATTGGAGACACGGAGA 1076 SGN001710, SGN001711 REV SGN001723 FWD TGGAGGTGGAGTTGAATAACA 1077 SGN001723 REV CTTTCTCCCCCTAACCAAGTG 1078 SGN001395, SGN001396 FWD TGGATCTCCAACATGGCAGCC 1079 SGN001395, SGN001396 REV CGGAAGGCTAAGGAGGGAGG 1080 A SGN000778, SGN001250, SGN001312, SGN001314, TGGCCCCTATGTGGAGATCA 1081 SGN001315, SGN001317, SGN001318, SGN001320, SGN001324, SGN001325, SGN001326, SGN001327, SGN001328, SGN001329 FWD SGN000778, SGN001250, SGN001312, SGN001314, GGCAGAGCTCAGCCTCATAG 1082 SGN001315, SGN001317, SGN001318, SGN001320, SGN001324, SGN001325, SGN001326, SGN001327, SGN001328, SGN001329 REV SGN001159, SGN001697, SGN001698, SGN001699, TGTTAGACCCATGGGAGCAG 1083 SGNOO1700, SGN001701, SGN001704, SGN001705, SGN001706, SGN001708 FWD SGN001159, SGN001697, SGN001698, SGN001699, GTTGCCCACCCTAGTCATT 1084 SGN001700, SGN001701, SGN001704, SGN001705, SGN001706, SGN001708 REV SGN001400, SGN001401, SGN001404, SGN001405, TTCCACGCTAAGGTATGGGCC 1085 SGN001640, SGN001641, SGN001642, SGN001643, SGN001644, SGN001645 FWD SGN001400, SGN001401, SGN001404, SGN001405, GCCAACAGCACCAACCCCAA 1086 SGN001640, SGN001641, SGN001642, SGN001643, SGN001644, SGN001645 REV SGN001348, SGN001349, SGN001350, SGN001351, TTGCTCACTTGATGTAAGCAA 1087 SGN001352, SGN001354, SGN001355, SGN001357, SGN001358, SGN001360, SGN001361, SGN001363, SGN001364, SGN001408, SGN001409, SGN001410, SGN001411, SGN001415, SGN001416, SGN001616, SGN001617, SGN001618, SGN001619, SGN001620, SGN001621, SGN001713, SGN001715, SGN001718, SGN001719, SGN001724 FWD SGN001348, SGN001349, SGN001350, SGN001351, TTTTGGTACGGTCTTTGTGT 1088 SGN001352, SGN001354, SGN001355, SGN001357, SGN001358, SGN001360, SGN001361, SGN001363, SGN001364, SGN001408, SGN001409, SGN001410, SGN001411, SGN001415, SGN001416, SGN001616, SGN001617, SGN001618, SGN001619, SGN001620, SGN001621, SGN001713, SGN001715, SGN001718, SGN001719, SGN001724 REV

Purified genomic DNA was subjected to PCR #1 and PCR #2 as above. Following the second PCR amplification, DNA was cleaned using a PCR cleanup kit (Zymo) according to the manufacturer's instructions and eluted in water. 200-500 ng of purified PCR #2 product was combined with 2 μL of 10×NEB Buffer 2 and water in a 20 μL reaction and annealed to form heteroduplex DNA using a program of: 95° C., 5 min; 95-85° C., cooled at a rate of 2° C./sec; 85-25° C., cooled at a rate of 0.1° C./sec.; 12° C., forever. Following annealing 5 μL of DNA was removed as a no enzyme control, and 1 μL of T7 Endonuclease I (NEB) was added and the reaction incubated at 37° C. for 1 hr. After incubation 5× FlashGel loading dye (Lonza) was added and 5 μL of each reaction and controls were analyzed by a 2.2% agarose FlashGel (Lonza) using gel electrophoresis. Following visualization of the gel, the percentage of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) was determined using the following equation: % NHEJ events=100×[1−(1−fraction cleaved)(½)], where (fraction cleaved) is defined as: (density of digested products)/(density of digested products+undigested parental band).

For some samples, SURVEYOR® was used to analyze the results following expression in mammalian cells. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 72 h post-transfection before genomic DNA extraction. Genomic DNA was extracted using the QuickExtract DNA Extraction Solution (Epicentre) following the manufacturer's protocol. The genomic region flanking the RGN target site was PCR amplified, and products were purified using QiaQuick Spin Column (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's protocol. 200-500 ng total of the purified PCR products were mixed with 1 μl 10× Taq DNA Polymerase PCR buffer (Enzymatics) and ultrapure water to a final volume of 10 μl, and subjected to a re-annealing process to enable heteroduplex formation: 95° C. for 10 min, 95° C. to 85° C. ramping at −2° C./s, 85° C. to 25° C. at −0.25° C./s, and 25° C. hold for 1 min.

After reannealing, products were treated with SURVEYOR® nuclease and SURVEYOR® enhancer S (Integrated DNA Technologies) following the manufacturer's recommended protocol and analyzed on 4-20% Novex TBE polyacrylamide gels (Life Technologies). Gels were stained with SYBR Gold DNA stain (Life Technologies) for 10 min and imaged with a Gel Doc gel imaging system (Bio-rad). Quantification was based on relative band intensities. Indel percentage was determined by the formula, 100×(1−(1−(b+c)/(a+b+c))½), where a is the integrated intensity of the undigested PCR product, and b and c are the integrated intensities of each cleavage product.

Additionally, products from PCR #2 containing Illumina overhang sequences underwent library preparation following the Illumina 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library protocol. Deep sequencing was performed on an Illumina Mi-Seq platform by a service provider (MOGene). Typically, 200,000 of 250 bp paired-end reads (2×100,000 reads) are generated per amplicon. The reads were analyzed using CRISPResso (Pinello, et al. 2016 Nature Biotech, 34:695-697) to calculate the rates of editing. Output alignments were hand-curated to confirm insertion and deletion sites as well as identify microhomology sites at the recombination sites. The rates of editing are shown in Table 5. All experiments were performed in human cells. The “target sequence” is the targeted sequence within the gene target. For each target sequence, the guide RNA comprised the complementary RNA target sequence and the appropriate sgRNA depending on the RGN used. A selected breakdown of experiments by guide RNA is shown in Tables 6.1-6.3.

TABLE 5 Activity of RGNs in mammalian cells Overall Deletion Insertion Gene Editing Rate in Rate in RGN Guide ID target Rate Sample Sample APG02874 SGN000973 RelA N.D. APG02874 SGN000974 RelA 0.10% 37.23% 62.77% APG02874 SGN000975 RelA N.D. APG02874 SGN000976 AurkB 0.56% 35.17% 64.84% APG02874 SGN000977 AurkB 0.30% 76.34% 23.65% APG02874 SGN000978 AurkB N.D. APG02874 SGN000979 VEGFA 0.17% 13.95% 86.05% APG02874 SGN000981 VEGFA N.D. APG03850 SGN000982 RelA 0.19% 40.55% 59.45% APG03850 SGN000983 RelA N.D. APG03850 SGN000984 RelA 0.05% 72.17% 27.84% APG03850 SGN000985 AurkB 0.37% 66.62% 33.37% APG03850 SGN000986 AurkB N.D. APG03850 SGN000987 AurkB N.D. APG03850 SGN000988 VEGFA N.D. APG03850 SGN000990 VEGFA N.D. APG09208 SGN000775 AurkB N.D. APG09208 SGN000776 AurkB N.D. APG09208 SGN000778 RelA N.D. APG09208 SGN000779 RelA N.D. APG09208 SGN000780 RelA N.D. APG09208 SGN000793 AurkB 1.18% 59.97% 40.02% APG09208 SGN000794 AurkB N.D. APG05586 SGN001163 TRA 23.49% 95.03%  5.41% APG05586 SGN001164 TRA 1.37% 95.65%  4.36% APG05586 SGN001165 VEGFA 65.59% 98.58%  2.03% APG05586 SGN001166 VEGFA 10.48% 94.98%  5.02% APG06015 SGN001322 RelA N.D. APG06015 SGN001325 RelA N.D. APG06015 SGN001327 RelA N.D. APG06015 SGN001333 IRA N.D. APG06015 SGN001334 TRA 0.03  100%    0% APG06015 SGN001335 TRA N.D. APG06015 SGN001351 HAO1 N.D. APG06015 SGN001352 HAO1 N.D. APG06015 SGN001353 HAO1 N.D. APG09344 SGN001321 RelA 0.02    0%  100% APG09344 SGN001324 RelA N.D. APG09344 SGN001329 RelA N.D. APG09344 SGN001336 TRA N.D. APG09344 SGN001337 TRA N.D. APG09344 SGN001338 TRA N.D. APG09344 SGN001354 HAO1 N.D. APG09344 SGN001355 HAO1 N.D. APG09344 SGN001356 HAO1 N.D. APG07991 SGN001312 RelA 2.16 56.61% 43.39% APG07991 SGN001313 RelA 2.64  80.6% 19.39% APG07991 SGN001314 RelA 2.49 32.48% 67.51% APG07991 SGN001339 TRA 6.75 76.47% 27.42% APG07991 SGN001340 TRA 6.66 69.19% 33.89% APG07991 SGN001341 TRA 2.84 60.63% 39.38% APG07991 SGN001357 HAO1 13.34 79.66% 21.31% APG07991 SGN001358 HAO1 0.05 60.78% 39.22% APG07991 SGN001359 HAO1 0.21 80.53% 19.48% APG01868 SGN001315 RelA 10.78 64.07% 36.36% APG01868 SGN001316 RelA 6.26 87.09% 13.73% APG01868 SGN001317 RelA 19.42 62.57% 38.11% APG01868 SGN001342 TRA 4.66 39.32% 60.68% APG01868 SGN001343 TRA 41.39 60.13% 41.39% APG01868 SGN001344 TRA 5.42 60.46% 39.53% APG01868 SGN001360 HAO1 0.38 69.28% 30.72% APG01868 SGN001361 HAO1 9.48 84.92% 17.07% APG01868 SGN001362 HAO1 0.32 28.97% 71.03% APG02998 SGN001318 RelA 1.13 72.78% 27.22% APG02998 SGN001319 RelA 2.55 91.76%  8.22% APG02998 SGN001320 RelA 3.48 43.97% 56.04% APG02998 SGN001345 TRA 2.01 79.92% 26.06% APG02998 SGN001346 TRA 5.87 40.14% 61.02% APG02998 SGN001347 TRA 2.26 59.08% 40.89% APG02998 SGN001363 HAO1 0.4 16.34% 83.66% APG02998 SGN001364 HAO1 N.D. APG02998 SGN001365 HAO1 1.14 65.98% 34.02% APG09208 SGN000778 RelA 0.26    0% 100.00%  APG09208 SGN000793 AurkB 1.64 50.94% 49.06% APG09208 SGN001213 RelA 0.05  100%  0.00% APG05586 SGN001159 EMX1 40.13 83.86% 16.13% APG05586 SGN001162 TRA 46.12 86.07% 14.45% APG05586 SGN001163 TRA 43.77 93.38%  7.58% APG05586 SGN001164 TRA 8 95.23%  4.80% APG05586 SGN001165 VEGFA 65.59 98.58%  2.03% APG05586 SGN001166 VEGFA 10.48 94.98%  5.02% APG05586 SGN001167 VEGFA 43.8 92.97%  7.35% APG08770 SGN001159 EMX1 11.9 80.98% 20.13% APG08770 SGN001162 TRA 14.57  90.2% 10.24% APG08770 SGN001163 TRA 12.78 95.47%  5.49% APG08770 SGN001164 TRA 3.09 92.84%  9.00% APG08770 SGN001165 VEGFA 23.12 92.75%  8.00% APG08770 SGN001166 VEGFA 10.52 93.45%  6.92% APG08167 SGN001245 VEGFA N.D. APG08167 SGN001246 VEGFA N.D. APG08167 SGN001247 VEGFA N.D. APG08167 SGN001248 RelA N.D. APG08167 SGN001249 RelA N.D. APG08167 SGN001250 RelA N.D. APG08167 SGN001251 AurkB N.D. APG08167 SGN001252 AurkB N.D. APG08167 SGN001253 AurkB N.D. APG01604 SGN001245 VEGFA 69.13 96.82%  7.23% APG01604 SGN001246 VEGFA 4.57 79.07% 24.78% APG01604 SGN001247 VEGFA 18.49 96.17%  5.09% APG01604 SGN001248 RelA 17.04 94.78%  5.61% APG01604 SGN001249 RelA 5.53 87.88% 14.96% APG01604 SGN001250 RelA 21.18  81.7% 19.19% APG01604 SGN001251 AurkB 8.38 84.67% 15.34% APG01604 SGN001252 AurkB 24.74 90.49% 10.22% APG01604 SGN001253 AurkB 0.32 86.44% 13.56% APG03021 SGN001323 RelA 13.73 87.67% 12.31% APG03021 SGN001326 RelA 1.03  78.9% 21.11% APG03021 SGN001328 RelA 7.12 92.18%  9.68% APG03021 SGN001330 IRA N.D. APG03021 SGN001331 TRA 0.45 23.15% 76.85% APG03021 SGN001332 TRA 0.25 49.44% 50.57% APG03021 SGN001348 HAO1 0.08 30.16% 69.84% APG03021 SGN001349 HAO1 0.03 58.33% 41.67% APG03021 SGN001350 HAO1 0.36 70.53% 29.48%

Specific insertions and deletions for respective guides are shown in Tables 6.1-6.3. In these tables, the target sequence is identified by bold upper case letters. The 8mer PAM regions are double underlined, with the main recognized nucleotides in bold. Insertions are identified by lowercase letters. Deletions are indicated with dashes ( - - - ). The INDEL location is calculated from the PAM proximal edge of the target sequence, with the edge being location 0. The location is positive (+) if the location is on the target side of the edge; the location is negative (−) if the location is on the PAM side of the edge.

TABLE 6.1 Specific insertions and deletions for Guide 977 using RGN APG02874 #  % % of INDEL Guide SGN000977 (SEQ ID NO: 157) Reads Reads INDELs Type Location Size GGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCT

GG 218651 99.7 GGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAG---

GG    161  0.07 24.88 Deletion  -1  4 GGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGtacCCT

   153  0.07 23.65 Insertion  +3  3 AGG GGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAG---

-G    137  0.06 21.17 Deletion  -9 12 GGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGC--

GG    130  0.06 20.09 Deletion  -3  5 GGAGAGGTTT-AATGGCCCAGCCT

GG     33  0.02  5.1 Deletion +13  1 GGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCC-AGCCT

GG     33  0.02  5.1 Deletion  +5  1

TABLE 6.2 Specific insertions and deletions for Guide 985 using RGN APG03850 #  % % of INDEL Size Guide SGN000985 (SEQ ID NO: 164) Reads Reads INDELS Type Location AGGCTGGGCCATTAAAACCTCTCCAGG

218367 99.63 AGGCTGGGCCATTAAAACCTCTCCaAGG

   268  0.12 33.37 Insertion   3  1 AGGCTGGGCCATTAAAACCTCT-CAGG

   204  0.09 25.4  Deletion   4  1 AGGCTGGGCCATTAAAACCTCT-----

   140  0.06 17.43 Deletion  -2  7 AGGCTGGGCCATTAAAACCTCTCC-GG

   137  0.06 17.06 Deletion   2  1 AGGCT-GGCCATTAAAACCTCTCCAGG

    28  0.01  3.49 Deletion  21  1 C---------------------------------     26  0.01  3.24 Deletion -39 88 ---------------- ------------------ ---------------------T

TABLE 6.3 Specific insertions and deletions for Guide 793 using RGN APG09208 #  % % of INDEL Guide SGN000793 (SEQ ID NO: 170) Reads Reads INDELs Type Location Size AGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACACCC

169578 98.82 C---------------------------------    471  0.27 23.25 Deletion -17 80 ---------------------------------- -------------G TGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACAaCCC A    398  0.23 19.64 Insertion  +3  1

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACA--- -    190  0.11  9.38 Deletion -15 18 --------------G CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACAC-- -    133  0.08  6.56 Deletion -10 12 ---------TCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACACC-    110  0.06  5.43 Deletion   0  1

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAG---------- -    106  0.06  5.23 Deletion  -2 12

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACAggCC    102  0.06  5.03 Insertion  +3  2 C

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCC-------     92  0.05  4.54 Deletion  +1  7 C AGGTCTGGCCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACAcCCC     82  0.05  4.05 Insertion   0  1

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACACtgt     61  0.04  3.01 Insertion  +3 38 ttgacctggagccactctctgcaccccgctgacc CCC

CCTCCC C---------------------------------     50  0.03  2.47 Deletion -10 44 -----------TCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACAacta     48  0.03  2.37 Insertion  +3 29 ggtgtattataagaatcttataaacCCC

GGCCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACAccag     39  0.02  1.92 Insertion  +3 43 ctttcgttcgcaactcgagtggaagattggactt gcctgCCC

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTC-------     36  0.02  1.78 Deletion -12 18 -----------CC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGTCCCAGCCTCACAgcac     34  0.02  1.68 Insertion  +3 46 tgttcacgtggctgatcatacactgatcacgtga ttgatcatCCC

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCA---- --------     27  0.02  1.33 Deletion -23 34 ----------------------T CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCAGCCTCACAgatg     24  0.01  1.18 Insertion  +3 55 cgacgctgcgcgtcttatactcccacatatgcca gattcagcaacggatacCCC

CCTCCC CTGGAGAGGTTTTAATGGCCCagcctcacaggta     23  0.01  1.14 Insertion  +3 81 gctggactatgcatgtgatggctggtgctcaagc agccatcttgccctaagaagtgagagccaggagc caaggatagCCC

CCTCCC

TABLE 6.4 Specific insertions and deletions for Guide 1166 using RGN APG005586 % % of INDEL Guide SGN001166 (SEQ ID NO: 556) #Reads Reads INDELS Type Location Size CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGCGAGAACA 197148 89.52 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGA-----GAACA   3829  1.74 16.59 Deletion   5    0 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG----AACA   1985  0.9  8.6 Deletion   4   -1 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAA-------CA   1300  0.59  5.63 Deletion   7   -3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAA-CGAGAACA   1223  0.56  5.3 Deletion   1    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG-AGAACA   1221  0.55  5.29 Deletion   2    1 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAA--------    936  0.43  4.06 Deletion 117 -113 -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------C CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGC------    845  0.38  3.66 Deletion   9   -7 ---CCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCC-----------    715  0.32  3.1 Deletion  64  -57 -------------------------------- ---------------------T CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG-------    615  0.28  2.66 Deletion 140 -137 --------------------------------    -------------------------------- -----G CGCGCGGACCACGG------------------    610  0.28  2.64 Deletion 132 -118 -------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------T CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCC----CGAGAACA    551  0.25  2.39 Deletion   4    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGA-CGAGAACA    497  0.23  2.15 Deletion   2    3 GCCCAGAAG GCGCGGACcACGGCTCCTCCGAAGTCGAGAACA    438  0.2  1.9 Insertion   1    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG-GAGAACA    381  0.17  1.65 Deletion   1    2 GCCCAGAAG G-------------------gaGGCgg------    334  0.15  1.45 Deletion  49  -13 ------------------------G CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAA---------    328  0.15  1.42 Deletion  27  -23 ------------------A CGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGGagGAGAACA    326  0.15  1.41 Insertion   2    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGC-------    321  0.15  1.39 Deletion  11   -9 ----AGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGAG------    301  0.14  1.3 Deletion  18  -17 ------------G CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------    290  0.13  1.26 Deletion  14  -11 ------AAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCC--------GAGAACA    266  0.12  1.15 Deletion   8    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTC------GAGAACA    265  0.12  1.15 Deletion   6    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTC---------GAGAACA    232  0.11  1.01 Deletion   9    2 GCCCAGAAG GCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGcCGAGAACA    217  0.1  0.94 Insertion   1    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCC-------CGAGAACA    199  0.09  0.86 Deletion   7    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------    192  0.09  0.83 Deletion  17  -14 ---------T CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCC------------    177  0.08  0.77 Deletion  15   -8 ---CAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGC-----------GAGAACA    158  0.07  0.68 Deletion  11    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCC------------    149  0.07  0.65 Deletion  97  -90 --------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------T CGCGCGGACCACGGC----------CGAGAACA    147  0.07  0.64 Deletion  10    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCC---------------    131  0.06  0.57 Deletion  18   -8 ---CAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGC-------    127  0.06  0.55 Deletion  10   -8 ---CAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------    124  0.06  0.54 Deletion  53  -50 --------------------------------- ------------G CGCGCGGACCACGGCCCCTCCGA-----GAACA    113  0.05  0.49 Deletion   5    0 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCC------------    112  0.05  0.49 Deletion  16   -9 ----AGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCC--------------A    104  0.05  0.45 Deletion  14   -4 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGA--------------------GAACA    102  0.05  0.44 Deletion  20    0 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGC------------------    101  0.05  0.44 Deletion  20   -7 --CCAGAAG CGCGCG---------------------AGAACA     98  0.04  0.42 Deletion  21    1 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCG---CGAGAACA     97  0.04  0.42 Deletion   3    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCG-----------     94  0.04  0.41 Deletion  78  -72 --------------------------------- --------------------------------- -G CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG---GAACA     91  0.04  0.39 Deletion   3    0 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------     90  0.04  0.39 Deletion  12   -9 ----AGAAG CGCGC----------------------------     80  0.04  0.35 Deletion  30   -7 --CCAGAAG GCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGcCCAGAACA     74  0.03  0.32 Insertion   1    1 GCCCAGAAG C--------------------------------     73  0.03  0.32 Deletion  56   -9 ------------------------AGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------     67  0.03  0.29 Deletion  47  -44 --------------------------------- ------A CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAA-CGAGAACA     66  0.03  0.29 Deletion   1    3 GCCCAGACG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTC----------------     63  0.03  0.27 Deletion  20   -9 ----AGAAG CGCGCGGACC----------------------     63  0.03  0.27 Deletion  26   -8 ----CAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCG-----------     62  0.03  0.27 Deletion 179 -173 --------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---T C--------------------------------     60  0.03  0.26 Deletion  51   -9 -------------------AGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCC-----------A     59  0.03  0.26 Deletion  11   -4 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCAC---------------------     56  0.03  0.24 Deletion  25   -9 ----AGAAG CGCGCGGAC-----------------GAGAACA     55  0.02  0.24 Deletion  17    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCT----CGAGAACA     54  0.02  0.23 Deletion   4    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------     54  0.02  0.23 Deletion   8   -5 GCCCAGAAG G--------------------------------     53  0.02  0.23 Deletion  39    1 -------AGAACAGCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCA----------------------     52  0.02  0.23 Deletion  27  -10 -----GAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCC---------------     52  0.02  0.23 Deletion  19   -9 ----AGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCG----GAGAACA     50  0.02  0.22 Deletion   4    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCC---------------     48  0.02  0.21 Deletion  16   -6 -CCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGA----------     48  0.02  0.21 Deletion  15  -10 -----GAAG CGCGCGGA----------------------ACA     47  0.02  0.2 Deletion  22    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG-----ACA     46  0.02  0.2 Deletion   5   -2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCT-----GCGAGAACA     45  0.02  0.19 Deletion   5    4 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACC---------------CGAGAACA     45  0.02  0.19 Deletion  15    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCG-----------------------AGAACA     44  0.02  0.19 Deletion  23    1 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCA-----------------GAACA     44  0.02  0.19 Deletion  17    0 GCCCAGAAG CG------------------------------A     44  0.02  0.19 Deletion  30   -4 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGA-----GAACA     44  0.02  0.19 Deletion   5    0 GCCCAGACG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCGGA-----GAACA     42  0.02  0.18 Deletion   5    0 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCTC-CGAGAACA     42  0.02  0.18 Deletion   2    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGG-----------------GGAAGAACA     41  0.02  0.18 Deletion  17    4 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------     39  0.02  0.17 Deletion  13  -10 -----GAAG CGCGCGGACC----------------GAGAACA     39  0.02  0.17 Deletion  16    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG--------     39  0.02  0.17 Deletion  17  -16 -----GA----G GCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGaagCGAGAACA     38  0.02  0.16 Insertion   3    3 GCCCAGAAG GGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGGAGGagGAGAACA     38  0.02  0.16 Insertion   5    2 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCAC---------------------     38  0.02  0.16 Deletion  27  -11 ------AAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGC------A     38  0.02  0.16 Deletion   6   -4 GCCCAGAAG T--------------------------------     37  0.02  0.16 Deletion  47  -15 ---------------T CGCGCGGACCACGGCTGTTCTGA-----GAACA     37  0.02  0.16 Deletion   5    0 GCCCAGAAG C-------------------------------     36  0.02  0.16 Deletion  31    3 CGAGAACAGCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGC-----------------     36  0.02  0.16 Deletion  23  -10 ------GAAG CGCGCGGA-------------------------     35  0.02  0.15 Deletion  32  -12 -------AG CGCGCGGACCACGG---------------AACA     34  0.02  0.15 Deletion  15   -1 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTC------------AACA     34  0.02  0.15 Deletion  12   -1 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCCCCTCC----CGAGAACA     33  0.01  0.14 Deletion   4    3 GCCCAGAAG G--------------------------------     33  0.01  0.14 Deletion  57  -21 -------------------------A CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGA-GCGAGAACA     32  0.01  0.14 Deletion   1    4 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGTT----------CGAGAACA     32  0.01  0.14 Deletion  10    3 GCCCAGAAG CGCGA----------------------AGAACA     31  0.01  0.13 Deletion  22    1 GCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGG-------------------     31  0.01  0.13 Deletion  25  -11 ------AAG CGCG-------------------------AACA     30  0.01  0.13 Deletion  36  -20 GCCC-----------G CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAG----AACA     30  0.01  0.13 Deletion   4   -1 GCCCAGCAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCT---------GAACA     30  0.01  0.13 Deletion   9    0 GCCCAGAAG CGCGGACCACGGCTCCTCCGAAGcGCGAGAACA     30  0.01  0.13 Insertion   2    1 GCCCAGAAG CG-------------------------     29  0.01  0.13 Deletion  25    1 AGAACAGCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCCCCTCCGAAG----     29  0.01  0.13 Deletion   4   -1 AACAGCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCAC--------------------     29  0.01  0.13 Deletion  20   -4 AGCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGG----------------     29  0.01  0.13 Deletion  16   -2 ACAGCCCAGAAG CGCGCGGACCACGGCTCCTC------------     28  0.01  0.12 Deletion  17   -9 -----AGAAG

The robustness of several nucleases was tested by assaying their ability to edit at many different target sites across several genes. Over 40 targets were tested in the expanded guide panel. All proteins tested showed robust editing at the diverse sites. Results are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Robustness of select RNA-guided nucleases Overall SGN Editing RGN Gene Number Rate (%) APG01868 TRA SGN001684 42.62 SGN001685 1.43 SGN001686 8.19 SGN001687 8.83 SGN001688 0.21 SGN001689 0 SGN001690 0 SGN001691 20.86 EMX1 SGN001697 0.93 SGN001698 0 SGN001699 18.84 SGN001700 21.8 SGN001701 39.94 SGN001702 2.16 SGN001703 0.79 SGN001704 3.49 SGN001705 14.49 SGN001706 1.04 SGN001707 2.51 SGN001708 1.75 SGN001709 3.62 SGN001710 0 SGN001711 13.39 HAO1 SGN001713 22.29 SGN001714 0.67 SGN001715 0.23 SGN001716 7.1 SGN001717 0.68 SGN001718 0.21 SGN001719 0 SGN001721 0.17 SGN001722 1.36 SGN001723 24.16 SGN001724 0.2 LDHA SGN001725 4.92 SGN001726 0 SGN001727 1.32 SGN001728 0.28 SGN001729 1.94 SGN001730 5.2 SGN001731 11.28 SGN001732 6.04 SGN001733 1.12 SGN001734 2.11 SGN001735 7 APG05586 TRA SGN001371 30.52 SGN001372 26.01 SGN001373 26.67 SGN001374 22.94 SGN001375 21.17 SGN001376 0 SGN001377 0 SGN001378 30.04 SGN001379 39.13 SGN001380 4.93 SGN001381 17.14 SGN001382 5.6 B2M SGN001383 36.23 SGN001384 44.28 SGN001385 6.33 SGN001386 5.55 SGN001387 48.71 SGN001388 31.78 SGN001389 41 SGN001390 48.15 SGN001391 46.19 SGN001392 37.22 SGN001393 31.62 SGN001394 29.72 LDHA SGN001396 32.88 SGN001397 41.45 SGN001399 43.28 SGN001400 2.52 SGN001401 37.52 SGN001402 0.37 SGN001403 53.13 SGN001404 44.06 SGN001405 1.46 HAO1 SGN001406 21.98 SGN001407 9.13 SGN001408 25.06 SGN001409 43.81 SGN001410 37.6 SGN001411 40.75 SGN001412 18.2 SGN001413 28.44 SGN001414 29.39 SGN001415 0.39 SGN001416 43.59 APG01604 B2M SGN001592 23.77 SGN001593 22.7 SGN001594 23.6 SGN001595 33.23 SGN001596 20.88 SGN001597 1.26 SGN001598 26.7 SGN001599 9.41 SGN001600 28.88 SGN001601 7.39 SGN001602 27.8 SGN001603 6.93 HAO1 SGN001616 0 SGN001617 2.55 SGN001618 0.6 SGN001619 6.29 SGN001620 7.92 SGN001621 13.03 SGN001622 5.32 SGN001623 18.58 SGN001624 20.03 SGN001625 1.65 SGN001626 0.18 SGN001627 0.73 LDHA SGN001640 3.75 SGN001641 1.13 SGN001642 14.2 SGN001643 12.16 SGN001644 4.9 SGN001645 4.78 SGN001646 0.74 SGN001647 2.89 SGN001648 0 SGN001649 0.15 SGN001650 4.4 SGN001651 7.26 TRA SGN001664 0.44 SGN001665 3.4 SGN001666 17.24 SGN001667 2.33 SGN001668 0.3 SGN001669 13.68 SGN001670 0.54 SGN001671 5.09 SGN001672 0.22 SGN001673 12.22 SGN001674 17.33 SGN001675 11.69 APG09298 B2M SGN001383 22.25 SGN001384 9.5 SGN001385 2.37 SGN001386 0.4 SGN001387 38.03 SGN001388 17.66 SGN001389 42.03 SGN001390 42.88 SGN001391 16.31 SGN001392 16.5 SGN001393 6.27 SGN001394 17.15 HAO1 SGN001406 3.46 SGN001407 1.87 SGN001408 10.71 SGN001409 18.79 SGN001410 15.09 SGN001411 14.81 SGN001412 0.63 SGN001413 5.92 SGN001414 5.24 SGN001415 0.03 SGN001416 15.41 LDHA SGN001395 3.15 SGN001396 28.53 SGN001397 11.69 SGN001399 23.92 SGN001400 0.89 SGN001401 33.97 SGN001402 0 SGN001403 25.62 SGN001404 16.96 SGN001405 0.11 TRA SGN001162 44.26 SGN001163 42.06 SGN001164 8.1 SGN001371 21.05 SGN001372 3.95 SGN001373 7.8 SGN001374 9.04 SGN001375 2.94 SGN001376 0 SGN001377 0 SGN001378 22.14 SGN001379 27.43 SGN001380 0.16 SGN001381 14.18 SGN001382 2.78

Example 5: Protein Engineering of APG05586

Conserved and variable residues of APG05586 were identified by comparison of APG05586 to closely related homologs, including APG08770 (SEQ ID NO: 70), APG09882 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 568 and described in International Appl. No. PCT/US2020/045759, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety), and APG01658 (set forth as SEQ ID NO: 569 and described in International Appl. No. PCT/US2020/045759). Several variants were generated containing mutations at the nonconserved locations to identify critical residues in the APG05586 protein. In total, 132 residues were altered in ten APG05586 engineered variant RGNs (SEQ ID NOs: 570-579). These ten APG05586 variants and wild type APG05586 were then assayed for activity in mammalian cells. Using the guide RNA backbone for APG05586 (SEQ ID NO: 66), the RGNs were tested for activity at six targeted genomic locations (Table 8) following the methods described in Example 4. Mammalian codon-optimized coding sequences for each variant are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 580-589. 5′ and 3′ primer nucleotide sequences useful for detection of gene editing activity are also provided in Table 8. Editing rates are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 8 Target sequences Target Sequence sgRNA 5′ 3′ (SEQ (SEQ Primer for Primer for Guide ID Gene ID NO.) ID NO.) amplification amplification SGN001159 EMX1 590 591 592 593 SGN001162 TRA 594 595 596 597 SGN001163 TRA 598 599 596 597 SGN001164 TRA 600 601 596 597 SGN001165 VEGFA 602 603 604 605 SGN001166 VEGFA 606 607 604 605

TABLE 9 Editing rates for APG05586 and variants thereof RGN SEQ RGN ID ID NO. SGN001159 SGN001162 SGN001163 SGN001164 SGN001165 SGN001166 APG09298 570 33.40% 44.26% 42.06%  8.10% 33.94% 46.19% APG06251 571     0% 43.59% 48.82%  5.90% 25.07% 35.08% APG03066 572     0%     0%     0%     0%     0%     0% APG01560 573 15.12% 16.38% 17.59%  2.52% 44.99% 20.68% APG02777 574     0%  0.08%     0%     0%     0%     0% APG05761 575 24.25% 21.95% 21.86% 10.45% 23.72% 20.17% APG02479 576  5.61%  9.25% 11.00%  1.45%  4.53%  6.34% APG08385 577 31.16% 39.95% 35.42%  2.37% 31.41% 26.65% APG09217 578 29.43% 41.12% 44.71%  4.79% 38.16% 31.76% APG06657 579 36.81% 44.20% 41.54%  4.44% 16.29% 21.86% APG05586 63 40.13% 46.12% 43.77%  8.00% 96.76% 77.38%

The relative activity of the variants suggests which locations in the protein tolerate mutations. Table 10 shown below is a summary of the activity of the variant RGN with the number of mutations introduced compared to APG005586. “−” is no activity; “+” is 1-15% editing in at least 4 out of 6 targets; “++” is 10-25% editing in at least 4 out of 6 targets; and “+++” is 20-50% editing in at least 4 out of 6 targets.

TABLE 10 Summary of protein engineering changes and editing rates Activity Number of Protein Outcome mutations APG09298 +++ 10 APG06251 +++ 12 APG03066 − 87 APG01560 ++ 10 APG02777 − 37 APG05761 ++ 10 APG02479 + 12 APG08385 +++ 12 APG09217 +++ 14 APG06657 +++ 14 APG05586 +++ 0

Variants APG03066 and APG02777 contained too many mutations to identify specific residues important for function, however, the low activity of these variants indicates that extensive changes to the bridge helix and recognition domain are not tolerated in this protein. All other variants contained 14 or fewer mutations, which enabled identification of specific residues important for activity. Based on these results, several residues were identified as important for function of the protein. I305L, V328A, L366I, T368S, and V405A mutations resulted in decreased activity in the assayed variants. All of these mutations are predicted to be in the recognition domain of the protein. The decrease in activity for APG01560 is a result of multiple changes that are not localized to a specific region within the protein.

Example 6: Identification of Disease Targets

A database of clinical variants was obtained from NCBI ClinVar database, which is available through the world wide web at the NCBI ClinVar website. Pathogenic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from this list. Using the genomic locus information, CRIgvSPR targets in the region overlapping and surrounding each SNP were identified. A selection of SNPs that can be corrected using base editing in combination with the RGNs of the invention to target the causal mutation (“Casl Mut.”) is listed in Table 11. In Table 11, only one alias of each disease is listed. The “RS #” corresponds to the RS accession number through the SNP database at the NCBI website. The AlleleID corresponds to a causal allele accession number, and the Chromosome Accession number also provides accession reference information found through the NCBI website. Table 11 also provides genomic target sequence information suitable for the RGN listed for each disease. The target sequence information also provides protospacer sequence for the production of the necessary sgRNA for the corresponding RGN of the invention.

TABLE 11 Disease Targets for RGNs Target (SEQ Casl Allele Gene ID Disease RS# RGN Mut. ID Chromosome Accession Symbol NO.) Stargardt disease 1 1800553 APG06622 C > T 22927 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 261 Stargardt disease 1 1800728 APG06622 A > G 98777 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 262 Stargardt disease 1 61751374 APG06622 G > A 22933 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 263 Stargardt disease 1 61750641 APG02874, G > A 105317 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 264 APG03031, APG09208 Stargardt disease 1 1800553 APG02787 G > A 22927 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 265 Stargardt disease 1 1800553 APG06007 G > A 22927 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 266 Stargardt disease 1 1800553 APG03850 G > A 22927 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 267 Stargardt disease 1 1800553 APG05586 G > A 22927 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 268 Stargardt disease 1 1800553 APG08167, C > T 22927 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ABCA4 269 APG01604 Familial hyperinsulinism 1.51E+08 APG02874, G > A 24127 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 ABCC8 270 APG03031, APG09208 Very long chain acyl-CoA 1.14E+08 APG06622 T > C 33877 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 ACADVL 271 dehydrogenase deficiency Very long chain acyl-CoA 1.14E+08 APG06248 T > C 33877 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 ACADVL 272 dehydrogenase deficiency Very long chain acyl-CoA  3.7E+08 APG02874, G > A 98197 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 ACADVL 273 dehydrogenase deficiency APG03031, APG09208 Baraitser-Winter syndrome 1 2.82E+08 APG02874, G > A 38553 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 ACTB 274 APG03031, APG09208 Severe immunodeficiency 1.22E+08 APG02874, G > A 16996 NC_000020.10, NC_000020.11 ADA 275 due to ADA deficiency APG03031, APG09208 Severe immunodeficiency 1.22E+08 APG02874, T > C 17004 NC_000020.10, NC_000020.11 ADA 276 due to ADA deficiency APG03031, APG09208 Primary hyperoxaluria 1.22E+08 APG06622 G > A 38436 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 AGXT 277 Congenital disorder of 28939378 APG06622 C > T 19763 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 ALG1 278 glycosylation Hypophosphatasia 1.22E+08 APG06622 G > A 28709 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ALPL 279 Hypophosphatasia 1.22E+08 APG02874, G > A 28709 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 ALPL 280 APG03031, APG09208 Colorectal cancer 1.38E+08 APG06622 C > T 15837 NC_000005.9, NC_000005.10 APC 281 Metachromatic 80338815 APG06622 C > T 18090 NC_000022.10, NC_000022.11 ARSA 282 leukodystrophy Wilson disease 1.94E+08 APG02874, G > A 44393 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 ATP7B 283 APG03031, APG09208 Cardio-facio-cutaneous  1.8E+08 APG06622 T > C 29012 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 BRAF 284 syndrome Cardio-facio-cutaneous  1.8E+08 APG06248 T > C 29012 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 BRAF 285 syndrome Breast and/or ovarian 41293455 APG06622 G > A 32714 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 286 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 41293465 APG06622 G > A 70268 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 287 cancer Breast and colorectal cancer 55770810 APG06622 G > A 70063 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 288 Breast and/or ovarian 62625307 APG06622 G > A 69596 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 289 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 62625308 APG06622 G > A 32710 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 290 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 80356962 APG06622 C > T 70247 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 291 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 41293455 APG02787 C > T 32714 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 292 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 41293455 APG06007 C > T 32714 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 293 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 41293455 APG03850 C > T 32714 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 294 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 41293455 APG05586 C > T 32714 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 295 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 41293455 APG08167, G > A 32714 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 296 cancer APG01604 Breast and/or ovarian 80356962 APG08167, C > T 70247 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 297 cancer APG01604 Breast and/or ovarian 80358163 APG08167, T > C 46006 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 BRCA1 298 cancer APG01604 Breast and/or ovarian 45580035 APG06622 C > T 67431 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 299 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 80359212 APG06622 C > T 67494 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 300 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 80359003 APG02874, G > A 67069 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 301 cancer APG03031, APG09208 Breast and/or ovarian 80359004 APG02874, G > A 46672 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 302 cancer APG03031, APG09208 Breast and/or ovarian 80359212 APG02787 C > T 67494 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 303 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 80359212 APG06007 C > T 67494 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 304 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 80359212 APG03850 C > T 67494 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 305 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 80359212 APG05586 C > T 67494 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 306 cancer Breast and/or ovarian 80359212 APG08167, C > T 67494 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 307 cancer APG01604 Breast and/or ovarian 80359071 APG08167, G > A 67203 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 BRCA2 308 cancer APG01604 CAPN3-Related Disorders 1.21E+08 APG02874, G > A 32661 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 CAPN3; 309 APG03031, POMT1 APG09208 CBS-deficiency 5742905 APG06622 A > G 15159 NC_000021.8, NC_000021.9 CBS 310 CBS-deficiency 5742905 APG02874, T > C 15159 NC_000021.8, NC_000021.9 CBS 311 APG03031, APG09208 CBS-deficiency 1.22E+08 APG02874, G > A 15156 NC_000021.8, NC_000021.9 CBS 312 APG03031, APG09208 Cystic fibrosis 77010898 APG06622 G > A 22168 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 313 Cystic fibrosis 75096551 APG02874, G > A 33858 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 314 APG03031, APG09208 Cystic fibrosis 75527207 APG02787 G > A 22159 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 315 Cystic fibrosis 75527207 APG06007 G > A 22159 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 316 Cystic fibrosis 75527207 APG03850 G > A 22159 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 317 Cystic fibrosis 75527207 APG05586 G > A 22159 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 318 Cystic fibrosis 78655421 APG02787 G > A 22148 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 319 Cystic fibrosis 78655421 APG06007 G > A 22148 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 320 Cystic fibrosis 78655421 APG03850 G > A 22148 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 321 Cystic fibrosis 78655421 APG05586 G > A 22148 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 322 Cystic fibrosis 75527207 APG08167, G > A 22159 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CFTR 323 APG01604 Congenital myotonia 80356701 APG02874, T > C 33902 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 CLCN1 324 APG03031, APG09208 Osteogenesis imperfecta 72645321 APG02874, G > A 414022 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 COL1A1 325 type 1 APG03031, APG09208 Osteogenesis imperfecta 72645321 APG02874, G > A 414022 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 COL1A1 326 type 1 APG03031, APG09208 Alport syndrome 1, X- 1.05E+08 APG02874, G > A 35796 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 COL4A5 327 linked recessive APG03031, APG09208 Carnitine 74315294 APG06622 C > T 23992 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 CPT2 328 palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Carnitine 74315294 APG06248 C > T 23992 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 CPT2 329 palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Carnitine 74315294 APG06007 C > T 23992 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 CPT2 330 palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Carnitine 74315294 APG03850 C > T 23992 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 CPT2 331 palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Carnitine 74315294 APG05586 C > T 23992 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 CPT2 332 palmitoyltransferase II deficiency Carnitine 74315294 APG08167, C > T 23992 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 CPT2 333 palmitoyltransferase II APG01604 deficiency Dopamine beta hydroxylase 74853476 APG02874, T > C 16789 NC_000009.11, NC_000009.12 DBH 334 deficiency APG03031, APG09208 Congenital microcephaly 11555217 APG06622 C > T 34125 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 DHCR7 335 Smith-Lemli-Opitz 80338853 APG06622 G > A 21822 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 DHCR7 336 syndrome Smith-Lemli-Opitz 80338857 APG02874, G > A 34128 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 DHCR7 337 syndrome APG03031, APG09208 Smith-Lemli-Opitz 11555217 APG06007 G > A 34125 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 DHCR7 338 syndrome Smith-Lemli-Opitz 11555217 APG03850 G > A 34125 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 DHCR7 339 syndrome Smith-Lemli-Opitz 11555217 APG05586 G > A 34125 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 DHCR7 340 syndrome Familial dysautonomia 1.11E+08 APG06248 A > G 21124 NC_000009.11, NC_000009.12 ELP1 341 Hypertyrosinemia 80338901 APG06622 G > A 26909 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 FAH 342 Hypertyrosinemia 80338901 APG06248 G > A 26909 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 FAH 343 Fanconi anemia 1.05E+08 APG06622 G > A 27086 NC_000009.11, NC_000009.12 FANCC 344 Marfan Syndrome 3.98E+08 APG06622 C > T 51454 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 FBN1 345 Marfan Syndrome 7.28E+08 APG06622 A > G 175979 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 FBN1 346 Marfan Syndrome 1.38E+08 APG02874, G > A 31496 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 FBN1 347 APG03031, APG09208 Marfan Syndrome 1.38E+08 APG02874, G > A 31496 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 FBN1 348 APG03031, APG09208 Marfan Syndrome 3.88E+08 APG02874, G > A 38652 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 FBN1 349 APG03031, APG09208 FGFR3-Related Disorders 1.22E+08 APG06622 C > T 31371 NC_000004.11, NC_000004.12 FGFR3 350 Glycogen storage disease 1801175 APG08167, C > T 27037 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 G6PC 351 type 1A APG01604 Glycogen storage disease, 3.98E+08 APG02874, G > A 415590 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 GAA 352 type II APG03031, APG09208 Deficiency of UDPglucose- 75391579 APG06622 A > G 18653 NC_000009.11, NC_000009.12 GALT 353 hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase Glutaric aciduria, type 1 1.21E+08 APG02874, G > A 17127 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 GCDH 354 APG03031, APG09208 Deafness, X-linked 76434661 APG06622 C > T 53916 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 355 Deafness, X-linked 80338945 APG06622 A > G 32055 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 356 Deafness, X-linked 80338945 APG02874, T > C 32055 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 357 APG03031, APG09208 Deafness, X-linked 80338945 APG02874, T > C 32055 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 358 APG03031, APG09208 Deafness, X-linked 1.11E+08 APG02874, G > A 53902 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 359 APG03031, APG09208 Deafness, X-linked 1.05E+08 APG06007 G > A 32041 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 360 Deafness, X-linked 1.05E+08 APG03850 G > A 32041 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 361 Deafness, X-linked 1.05E+08 APG08167, C > T 32041 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 362 APG01604 Deafness, X-linked 80338945 APG08167, A > G 32055 NC_000013.10, NC_000013.11 GJB2 363 APG01604 Inclusion body myopathy 2 28937594 APG06622 A > G 21064 NC_000009.11, NC_000009.12 GNE 364 Inclusion body myopathy 2 28937594 APG06248 A > G 21064 NC_000009.11, NC_000009.12 GNE 365 beta Thalassemia 33930165 APG02874, G > A 30165 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 HBB 366 APG03031, APG09208 Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1.22E+08 APG06622 G > A 26947 NC_000004.11, NC_000004.12 IDUA 367 I Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1.22E+08 APG06622 C > T 26948 NC_000004.11, NC_000004.12 IDUA 368 I Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1.22E+08 APG02874, G > A 26947 NC_000004.11, NC_000004.12 IDUA 369 I APG03031, APG09208 Congenital long QT 1.99E+08 APG02874, G > A 67758 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 KCNQ1 370 syndrome APG03031, APG09208 Congenital long QT 1.99E+08 APG02874, T > C 67776 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 KCNQ1 371 syndrome APG03031, APG09208 Familial 28942080 APG06622 G > A 18735 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 372 hypercholesterolemia Familial 1.22E+08 APG06622 C > T 18725 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 373 hypercholesterolemia Familial 1.38E+08 APG06622 G > A 171217 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 374 hypercholesterolemia Familial 7.46E+08 APG06622 C > T 228192 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 375 hypercholesterolemia Familial 7.66E+08 APG06622 G > A 228162 NC_000019.10, NC_000019.9 LDLR 376 hypercholesterolemia Familial 7.69E+08 APG06622 G > A 228176 NC_000019.10, NC_000019.9 LDLR 377 hypercholesterolemia Familial 7.46E+08 APG06248 C > T 228192 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 378 hypercholesterolemia Familial 7.69E+08 APG06248 G > A 228176 NC_000019.10, NC_000019.9 LDLR 379 hypercholesterolemia Familial 3.76E+08 APG02874, G > A 198012 NC_000019.10, NC_000019.9 LDLR 380 hypercholesterolemia APG03031, APG09208 Familial 7.69E+08 APG02874, G > A 228176 NC_000019.10, NC_000019.9 LDLR 381 hypercholesterolemia APG03031, APG09208 Familial 7.75E+08 APG02874, T > C 228197 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 382 hypercholesterolemia APG03031, APG09208 Familial 7.76E+08 APG02874, G > A 246116 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 383 hypercholesterolemia APG03031, APG09208 Familial 8.79E+08 APG02874, T > C 246008 NC_000019.10, NC_000019.9 LDLR 384 hypercholesterolemia APG03031, APG09208 Familial 1.38E+08 APG02787 G > A 171217 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 385 hypercholesterolemia Familial 1.38E+08 APG06007 G > A 171217 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 386 hypercholesterolemia Familial 1.38E+08 APG03850 G > A 171217 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 387 hypercholesterolemia Familial 1.38E+08 APG05586 G > A 171217 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 388 hypercholesterolemia Familial 1.38E+08 APG08167, G > A 171217 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 389 hypercholesterolemia APG01604 Familial 1.22E+08 APG08167, C > T 18725 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 LDLR 390 hypercholesterolemia APG01604 Cardio-facio-cutaneous 1.22E+08 APG06622 A > G 28390 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 MAP2K1 391 syndrome MECP2-Related Disorders 28934906 APG06622 G > A 26850 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 392 MECP2-Related Disorders 28935468 APG06622 G > A 26863 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 393 MECP2-Related Disorders 61749721 APG06622 G > A 26868 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 394 MECP2-Related Disorders 61750240 APG06622 G > A 26854 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 395 MECP2-Related Disorders 28935468 APG06248 G > A 26863 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 396 MECP2-Related Disorders 28934906 APG06007 C > T 26850 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 397 MECP2-Related Disorders 28934906 APG03850 C > T 26850 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 398 MECP2-Related Disorders 61750240 APG02787 C > T 26854 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 399 MECP2-Related Disorders 61750240 APG06007 C > T 26854 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 400 MECP2-Related Disorders 61750240 APG03850 C > T 26854 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 401 MECP2-Related Disorders 61750240 APG05586 C > T 26854 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 402 Angelman syndrome 61751362 APG02787 C > T 26858 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 403 Angelman syndrome 61751362 APG06007 C > T 26858 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 404 Angelman syndrome 61751362 APG03850 C > T 26858 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 405 Angelman syndrome 61751362 APG05586 C > T 26858 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 406 Angelman syndrome 28934906 APG08167, G > A 26850 NC_000023.10, NC_000023.11 MECP2 407 APG01604 Familial Mediterranean 28940579 APG06622 A > G 17579 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 MEFV 408 fever Familial Mediterranean 61752717 APG06622 T > C 17577 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 MEFV 409 fever Familial Mediterranean 1.05E+08 APG06622 C > T 17588 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 MEFV 410 fever Familial Mediterranean 61752717 APG06248 T > C 17577 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 MEFV 411 fever Familial Mediterranean 1.05E+08 APG06248 C > T 17588 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 MEFV 412 fever Familial Mediterranean 1.05E+08 APG02874, G > A 17588 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 MEFV 413 fever APG03031, APG09208 Familial Mediterranean 28940579 APG08167, A > G 17579 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 MEFV 414 fever APG01604 Charcot-Marie-Tooth 28940293 APG02874, T > C 17309 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MFN2 415 disease, type 2 APG03031, APG09208 Hereditary nonpolyposis 63751657 APG02874, G > A 95331 NC_000003.11, NC_000003.12 MLH1 416 colon cancer APG03031, APG09208 Hereditary nonpolyposis 63751711 APG02874, G > A 95792 NC_000003.11, NC_000003.12 MLH1 417 colon cancer APG03031, APG09208 Methylmalonic acidemia 1.22E+08 APG06622 C > T 16462 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MMACHC 418 Methylmalonic acidemia 1.22E+08 APG06248 C > T 16462 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MMACHC 419 Methylmalonic acidemia 1.22E+08 APG02874, G > A 16464 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MMACHC 420 APG03031, APG09208 Hereditary cancer- 63750636 APG06622 C > T 96378 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH2 421 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63749843 APG06622 C > T 94826 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 422 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 7.86E+08 APG06622 C > T 181998 NC_000002.12, NC_000002.11 MSH6 423 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63750741 APG02874, T > C 94663 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 424 predisposing syndrome APG03031, APG09208 Hereditary cancer- 63749843 APG02787 C > T 94826 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 425 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63749843 APG06007 C > T 94826 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 426 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63749843 APG03850 C > T 94826 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 427 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63749843 APG05586 C > T 94826 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 428 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63751017 APG02787 C > T 94786 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 429 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63751017 APG06007 C > T 94786 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 430 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63751017 APG03850 C > T 94786 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 431 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63751017 APG05586 C > T 94786 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 432 predisposing syndrome Hereditary cancer- 63751017 APG08167, C > T 94786 NC_000002.11, NC_000002.12 MSH6 433 predisposing syndrome APG01604 MUTYH-associated 34612342 APG06622 T > C 20332 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 434 polyposis MUTYH-associated 36053993 APG06622 C > T 20333 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 435 polyposis MUTYH-associated 36053993 APG02787 G > A 20333 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 436 polyposis MUTYH-associated 36053993 APG06007 G > A 20333 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 437 polyposis MUTYH-associated 36053993 APG03850 G > A 20333 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 438 polyposis MUTYH-associated 36053993 APG05586 G > A 20333 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 439 polyposis MUTYH-associated 36053993 APG08167, C > T 20333 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 440 polyposis APG01604 MUTYH-associated 34612342 APG08167, T > C 20332 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 MUTYH 441 polyposis APG01604 Hyperimmunoglobulin D 28934897 APG06622 G > A 26968 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 MVK 442 with periodic fever MYBPC3-Related   2E+08 APG06622 C > T 174776 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 443 Disorders MYBPC3-Related 3.88E+08 APG06622 G > A 45725 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 444 Disorders MYBPC3-Related 3.98E+08 APG06622 C > T 51962 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 445 Disorders MYBPC3-Related    2E+08 APG06248 C > T 174776 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 446 Disorders MYBPC3-Related 1.88E+08 APG02874, T > C 45267 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 447 Disorders APG03031, APG09208 MYBPC3-Related   2E+08 APG02874, G > A 174776 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 448 Disorders APG03031, APG09208 MYBPC3-Related 3.98E+08 APG02874, G > A 51820 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 449 Disorders APG03031, APG09208 MYBPC3-Related 3.98E+08 APG02874, G > A 51962 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYBPC3 450 Disorders APG03031, APG09208 Cardiomyopathy 3218716 APG06622 C > T 52071 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 MYH7 451 Cardiomyopathy 36211715 APG06622 C > T 29159 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 MYH7 452 Cardiomyopathy 1.22E+08 APG06622 G > A 29128 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 MYH7 453 Cardiomyopathy 3.72E+08 APG06622 C > T 52045 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 MYH7 454 Cardiomyopathy 3.98E+08 APG02874, T > C 52276 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 MYH7 455 APG03031, APG09208 Cardiomyopathy 3.72E+08 APG06007 G > A 52045 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 MYH7 456 Cardiomyopathy 3.72E+08 APG03850 G > A 52045 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 MYH7 457 Deafness, autosomal 1.11E+08 APG02874, G > A 52388 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 MYO7A 458 recessive APG03031, APG09208 Inborn genetic diseases 80358259 APG06622 A > G 18006 NC_000018.9, NC_000018.10 NPC1 459 Inborn genetic diseases 80358259 APG02874, T > C 18006 NC_000018.9, NC_000018.10 NPC1 460 APG03031, APG09208 Inborn genetic diseases  1.2E+08 APG02874, G > A 18010 NC_000018.9, NC_000018.10 NPC1 461 APG03031, APG09208 Phenylketonuria 5030851 APG06622 G > A 15628 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 462 Phenylketonuria 5030858 APG06622 G > A 15616 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 463 Hyperphenylalaninemia 5030860 APG06622 T > C 15632 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 464 Phenylketonuria 62516101 APG02874, G > A 15658 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 465 APG03031, APG09208 Hyperphenylalaninemia, 62644499 APG02874, G > A 15656 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 466 non-pku APG03031, APG09208 Phenylketonuria 5030858 APG02787 C > T 15616 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 467 Phenylketonuria 5030858 APG06007 C > T 15616 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 468 Phenylketonuria 5030858 APG03850 C > T 15616 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 469 Phenylketonuria 5030858 APG05586 C > T 15616 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 470 Hyperphenylalaninemia, 5030860 APG08167, T > C 15632 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 471 non-pku APG01604 Hyperphenylalaninemia, 62642937 APG08167, G > A 15667 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PAH 472 non-pku APG01604 Familial cancer of breast  1.8E+08 APG06622 G > A 132139 NC_000016.10, NC_000016.9 PALB2 473 Familial cancer of breast  1.8E+08 APG02874, G > A 132185 NC_000016.10, NC_000016.9 PALB2 474 APG03031, APG09208 Peroxisome biogenesis 61750420 APG08167, C > T 22555 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 PEX1 475 disorder 1B APG01604 Immunodeficiency 14 3.98E+08 APG06622 G > A 94255 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 PIK3CD 476 Polycystic kidney dysplasia 1.38E+08 APG06622 G > A 19147 NC_000006.11, NC_000006.12 PKHD1 477 Carbohydrate-deficient 28936415 APG02787 G > A 22745 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 PMM2 478 glycoprotein syndrome type I Carbohydrate-deficient 28936415 APG06007 G > A 22745 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 PMM2 479 glycoprotein syndrome type I Carbohydrate-deficient 28936415 APG03850 G > A 22745 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 PMM2 480 glycoprotein syndrome type I Carbohydrate-deficient 28936415 APG05586 G > A 22745 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 PMM2 481 glycoprotein syndrome type I Carbohydrate-deficient 28936415 APG08167, G > A 22745 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 PMM2 482 glycoprotein syndrome type APG01604 I POLG-related condition 1.14E+08 APG06622 C > T 28535 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 POLG 483 POLG-related condition 1.14E+08 APG06622 C > T 28541 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 POLG 484 POLG-related condition 1.14E+08 APG02874, G > A 28535 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 POLG 485 APG03031, APG09208 POLG-related condition 1.14E+08 APG06007 G > A 28535 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 POLG 486 POLG-related condition 1.14E+08 APG03850 G > A 28535 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 POLG 487 POLG-related condition 1.14E+08 APG08167, C > T 28541 NC_000015.9, NC_000015.10 POLG 488 APG01604 Ceroid lipofuscinosis 1.38E+08 APG06622 G > A 23943 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 PPT1 489 neuronal 1 Ceroid lipofuscinosis 1.38E+08 APG02787 C > T 23943 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 PPT1 490 neuronal 1 Ceroid lipofuscinosis 1.38E+08 APG06007 C > T 23943 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 PPT1 491 neuronal 1 Ceroid lipofuscinosis 1.38E+08 APG03850 C > T 23943 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 PPT1 492 neuronal 1 Ceroid lipofuscinosis 1.38E+08 APG05586 C > T 23943 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 PPT1 493 neuronal 1 Ceroid lipofuscinosis 1.38E+08 APG08167, G > A 23943 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 PPT1 494 neuronal 1 APG01604 Cardiomyopathy 1.22E+08 APG06622 C > T 21885 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 PRKAG2 495 Cowden syndrome 1.22E+08 APG06622 C > T 22852 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 PTEN 496 PTPN11-related disorder 1.22E+08 APG06622 C > T 28370 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 497 B lymphoblastic leukemia 1.22E+08 APG06622 A > G 28372 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 498 lymphoma, no ICD-O subtype PTPN11-related disorder 3.98E+08 APG06622 A > G 49032 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 499 PTPN11-related disorder 1.22E+08 APG06248 C > T 28370 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 500 PTPN11-related disorder 1.22E+08 APG06248 A > G 28379 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 501 PTPN11-related disorder 28933386 APG02787 A > G 28365 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 502 PTPN11-related disorder 28933386 APG06007 A > G 28365 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 503 PTPN11-related disorder 28933386 APG03850 A > G 28365 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 504 PTPN11-related disorder 28933386 APG05586 A > G 28365 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 505 PTPN11-related disorder 1.22E+08 APG02787 A > G 28372 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 506 PTPN11-related disorder 1.22E+08 APG06007 A > G 28372 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 507 PTPN11-related disorder 1.22E+08 APG03850 A > G 28372 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 508 PTPN11-related disorder 1.22E+08 APG05586 A > G 28372 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 509 PTPN11-related disorder 28933386 APG08167, A > G 28365 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 PTPN11 510 APG01604 Glycogen storage disease 1.17E+08 APG06622 G > A 17337 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 PYGM 511 Glycogen storage disease 1.17E+08 APG06248 G > A 17337 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 PYGM 512 Breast-ovarian cancer, 3.88E+08 APG06622 G > A 39241 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 RAD51D 513 familial 4 Dilated cardiomyopathy 2.68E+08 APG02874, G > A 15310 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 RBM20 514 1DD APG03031, APG09208 RET-Related Disorders 74799832 APG06622 T > C 28958 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 RET 515 RET-Related Disorders 74799832 APG02874, T > C 28958 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 RET 516 APG03031, APG09208 RYR1-Related Disorders 1.18E+08 APG06622 C > T 28003 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 RYR1 517 RYR1-Related Disorders 2.01E+08 APG06622 C > T 169564 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 RYR1 518 RYR1-Related Disorders 1.18E+08 APG02874, G > A 76888 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 RYR1 519 APG03031, APG09208 RYR1-Related Disorders 1.18E+08 APG02874, G > A 76888 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 RYR1 520 APG03031, APG09208 RYR1-Related Disorders 1.18E+08 APG02874, G > A 76835 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 RYR1 521 APG03031, APG09208 RYR1-Related Disorders 1.18E+08 APG02874, T > C 28014 NC_000019.9, NC_000019.10 RYR1 522 APG03031, APG09208 Shwachman syndrome 1.14E+08 APG06622 A > G 18235 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 SBDS 523 Brugada syndrome 1.38E+08 APG06622 C > T 24416 NC_000003.11, NC_000003.12 SCN5A 524 Brugada syndrome 28937316 APG02874, G > A 24408 NC_000003.11, NC_000003.12 SCN5A 525 APG03031, APG09208 Brugada syndrome 45546039 APG02874, G > A 48043 NC_000003.11, NC_000003.12 SCN5A 526 APG03031, APG09208 Brugada syndrome 72549410 APG02874, G > A 78547 NC_000003.11, NC_000003.12 SCN5A 527 APG03031, APG09208 Cowden syndrome 3 80338844 APG06622 C > T 21935 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 SDHD 528 Cowden syndrome 3 80338844 APG06248 C > T 21935 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 SDHD 529 Alpha-1-antitrypsin 28929474 APG06622 C > T 33006 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 SERPINA1 530 deficiency Alpha-1-antitrypsin 28929474 APG02787 G > A 33006 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 SERPINA1 531 deficiency Alpha-1-antitrypsin 28929474 APG03850 G > A 33006 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 SERPINA1 532 deficiency Alpha-1-antitrypsin 28929474 APG05586 G > A 33006 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 SERPINA1 533 deficiency Alpha-1-antitrypsin 28929474 APG08167, C > T 33006 NC_000014.8, NC_000014.9 SERPINA1 534 deficiency APG01604 Limb-girdle muscular 28933693 APG06622 C > T 24476 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 SGCA 535 dystrophy, type 2D Mucopolysaccharidosis, 1.05E+08 APG06622 C > T 20146 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 SGSH 536 MPS-III-A Mucopolysaccharidosis, 1.05E+08 APG02874, G > A 20146 NC_000017.10, NC_000017.11 SGSH 537 MPS-III-A APG03031, APG09208 Noonan syndrome 2.68E+08 APG02787 A > G 21860 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 SHOC2 538 Noonan syndrome 2.68E+08 APG06007 A > G 21860 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 SHOC2 539 Noonan syndrome 2.68E+08 APG03850 A > G 21860 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 SHOC2 540 Noonan syndrome 2.68E+08 APG05586 A > G 21860 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 SHOC2 541 Noonan syndrome 2.68E+08 APG08167, A > G 21860 NC_000010.10, NC_000010.11 SHOC2 542 APG01604 SLC26A2-Related 1.05E+08 APG06622 C > T 19128 NC_000005.9, NC_000005.10 SLC26A2 543 Disorders SLC26A2-Related 1.11E+08 APG02874, G > A 52666 NC_000007.13, NC_000007.14 SLC26A4 544 Disorders APG03031, APG09208 Familial hypertrophic 7.28E+08 APG02874, G > A 172354 NC_000001.10, NC_000001.11 TNNT2 545 cardiomyopathy 2 APG03031, APG09208 Charcot-Marie-Tooth 3.98E+08 APG02874, G > A 48018 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 TRPV4 546 disease type 2C APG03031, APG09208 Focal cortical dysplasia type 28934872 APG06622 G > A 27436 NC_000016.9, NC_000016.10 TSC2 547 II Amyloidogenic 76992529 APG06622 G > A 28465 NC_000018.9, NC_000018.10 TTR 548 transthyretin amyloidosis Amyloidogenic 76992529 APG06248 G > A 28465 NC_000018.9, NC_000018.10 TTR 549 transthyretin amyloidosis Oculocutaneous albinism 1.05E+08 APG06622 C > T 18816 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 TYR 550 Oculocutaneous albinism 1.22E+08 APG02874, G > A 18814 NC_000011.9, NC_000011.10 TYR 551 APG03031, APG09208 Von Willebrand disease 41276738 APG06622 C > T 15335 NC_000012.11, NC_000012.12 VWF 552

Example 7: Targeting Mutations Responsible for Hurler Syndrome

The following describes a potential treatment for Hurler Syndrome, also referred to as MPS-1, using an RNA directed base editing system that corrects a mutation responsible for Hurler syndrome in a large proportion of patients with the disease. This approach utilizes a base editing fusion protein that is RNA guided and that can be packaged into a single AAV vector for delivery to a wide range of tissue types. Depending on the exact regulatory elements and base editor domain used, it may also be possible to engineer a single vector that encodes for both the base editing fusion protein and a single guide RNA to target the diseased locus.

Example 7.1: Identifying RGN with Ideal PAM

The genetic disease MPS-1 is a lysosomal storage disease characterized at the molecular level by the accumulation of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in lysosomes. This disease is generally an inherited genetic disorder caused by mutations in the IDUA gene (NCBI Reference sequence NG_008103.1), which encodes α-L-iduronidase. The disease is a result of a deficiency of α-L-iduronidase. The most common IDUA mutations found in studies of individuals of Northern European background are W402X and Q70X, both nonsense mutations resulting in premature termination of translation (Bunge et al. (1994), Hum. Mol. Genet, 3(6): 861-866, herein incorporated by reference). Reversion of a single nucleotide would restore the wild-type coding sequence and result in protein expression controlled by the endogenous regulatory mechanisms of the genetic locus.

The W402X mutation of the human Idua gene accounts for a high proportion of MPS-1H cases. Base editors can target a narrow sequence window relative to the binding site of the protospacer component of the guide RNA and thus the presence of a PAM sequence a specific distance from the target locus is essential for the success of the strategy. Given the constraints that the target mutation must be on the exposed non-target strand (NTS) during the interaction of the base editing protein and that the footprint of the RGN domain will block access to the region near the PAM, an accessible locus is thought to be 10-30 bp from the PAM. To avoid editing and mutagenesis of other nearby adenosine bases in this window, different linkers are screened. The ideal window is 12-16 bp from the PAM.

A PAM sequence compatible with APG02874, APG09208, and APG05586 is readily apparent at the genetic locus. These nucleases have a PAM sequence of 5′-nnnnCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35), 5′-nnnnC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 62) and 5′-nnRYA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 69), respectively, and are compact in size—potentially allowing delivery via a single AAV vector. This delivery approach bestows multiple advantages relative to others, such as access to a wide range of tissues (liver, muscle, CNS) and well established safety profile and manufacturing techniques.

Cas9 from S. pyogenes (SpyCas9) requires a PAM sequence of NGG (SEQ ID NO: 256), which is present near the W402X locus, but the size of SpyCas9 prevents packaging into a single AAV vector, and thus forgoes the aforementioned advantages of this approach. While a dual delivery strategy may be employed (for example, Ryu et al, (2018), Nat. Biotechnol., 36(6): 536-539, herein incorporated by reference), it would add significant manufacturing complexity and cost. Additionally, dual viral vector delivery significantly decreases the efficiency of gene correction, since a successful edit in a given cell requires infection with both vectors and assembly of the fusion protein in the cell.

A commonly used Cas9 ortholog from S. aureus (SauCas9) is considerably smaller in size relative to SpyCas9 but has a more complex PAM requirement—NGRRT (SEQ ID NO: 257). This sequence is not within a range expected to be useful for base editing of the causative locus.

Example 7.2: RGN Fusion Constructs and sgRNA Sequences

A DNA sequence encoding a fusion protein with the following domains is produced using standard molecular biology techniques: 1) an RGN domain with mutations that inactivate the DNA cleavage activity (“dead” or “nickase”); 2) an adenosine deaminase useful for base editing. All constructs described in the table below comprise a fusion protein with the base editing active domain, in this example ADAT (SEQ ID NO: 211), operably fused to the N-terminal end of the a dead RGN APG02874 (SEQ ID NO: 214), APG09208 (SEQ ID NO: 216), and APG005586 (SEQ ID NO: 567). Other adenosine deaminases useful for base editing DNA may also be used (see for example PCT application PCT/US2019/068079). It is known in the art that a fusion protein could also be made with the base-editing enzyme at the C-terminal end of the RGN. Additionally, the RGN and the base editor of the fusion protein are typically separated by a linker amino sequence. It is known in the art that lengths of standard linkers range from 15-30 amino acids. Further, it is known in the art that certain fusion proteins between an RGN and a base-editing enzyme may also comprise at least one uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) domain (SEQ ID NO: 212), which may increase base editing efficiency (U.S. Pat. No. 10,167,457, herein incorporated by reference). Therefore, a fusion protein may comprise RGN APG02874, APG09208, or a variant thereof, an adenosine deaminase, and optionally at least one UGI.

TABLE 12 Constructs for RNA-targeted base editing SEQ ID Dead (D)or Base NO. Construct RGN Nickase (N) editor 213 Nuc-ADAT-Linker-d APG02874 D ADAT APG02874 - Linker-SV40 215 Nuc-ADAT-Linker-d APG09208 D ADAT APG09208- Linker-SV40 565 Nuc-ADAT-Linker-d APG05586 D ADAT APG05586- Linker-SV40

The accessible editing sites of an RGN are determined by the PAM sequence. When combining an RGN with a base editing domain, the target residue for editing must reside on the non-target strand (NTS), since the NTS is single stranded while the RGN is associated with the locus. Evaluating a number of nucleases and corresponding guide RNAs enables the selection of the most appropriate gene editing tool for this particular locus. Several potential PAM sequences that can be targeted by the constructs described above in the human Idua gene are in the proximity of the mutant nucleotide responsible for the W402X mutation. A sequence encoding a guide RNA transcript containing 1) a “spacer” that is complementary to the non-coding DNA strand at the disease locus; and 2) RNA sequence required for association of the guide RNA with the RGN is also produced. Such a sgRNA may be encoded by, for example, SEQ ID NO: 217 for the APG02874 RGN system, SEQ ID NO: 218 for the APG09208 RGN system, or SEQ ID NO: 566 for the APG005586 RGN system. These sgRNA molecules, and similar sgRNAs that may be devised by one of skill in the art, can be evaluated for their efficiency in directing the base editors above to the locus of interest.

Example 7.3: Assay for Activity in Cells from Hurler Disease Patients

To verify the genotype strategy and evaluate the constructs described above, fibroblasts from Hurler disease patients are used. A vector is designed containing appropriate promoters upstream of the fusion protein coding sequence and the sgRNA encoding sequence for expression of these in human cells, similar to those vectors described in Example 4. It is recognized that promoters and other DNA elements (for example enhancers, or terminators) which either are known for high levels of expression in human cells or may specifically express well in fibroblast cells may also be used. The vector is transfected into the fibroblasts using standard techniques, for example transfection similar to what is described in Example 4. Alternatively, electroporation may be used. The cells are cultured for 1-3 days. Genomic DNA (gDNA) is isolated using standard techniques. The editing efficiency is determined by performing a qPCR genotyping assay and/or next generation sequencing on the purified gDNA, as described further below.

Taqman™ qPCR analysis utilizes probes specific for the wild-type and mutant allele. These probes bear fluorophores which are resolved by their spectral excitation and/or emission properties using a qPCR instrument. A genotyping kit containing PCR primers and probes can be obtained commercially (i.e. Thermo Fisher Taqman™ SNP genotyping assayID C_27862753_10 for SNP ID rs121965019) or designed. An example of a designed primer and probe set is shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 RT-PCR primers and probes Description Sequence SEQ ID NO. Forward Amplification Primer 5′-GACTCCTTCACCAAG-3′ 219 Reverse Amplification Primer 5′-GTAGATCAGCACCG-3′ 220 Wild Type Probe 5′-CTCT G GGCCGAAGT-3′ 221 W402X Probe 5′-CTCT A GGCCGAAGT-3′ 222

Following the editing experiment, the gDNA is subjected to qPCR analysis using standard methods and the primers and probes described above. Expected results are shown in Table 14. This in vitro system can be used to expediently evaluate constructs and choose one with high editing efficiency for further studies. The systems will be evaluated in comparison with cells with and without the W402X mutation, and preferably with some that are heterozygous for this mutation. The Ct values will be compared to either a reference gene or the total amplification of the locus using a dye such as Sybr green.

TABLE 14 Expected qPCR results Transfected with Genotype base editor Expected PCR result Idua^(WT/WT) No Homozygous WT Idua^(WT/W402X) No Heterozygous: 50% WT, 50% W402X Idua^(W402X/W402X) No Homozygous W402X Idua^(W402X/W402X) Yes Variable

The tissues can also be analyzed by next generation sequencing. Primer binding sites such as the ones shown below (Table 15), or other suitable primer binding sites that can be identified by a person of skill in the art, can be used. Following PCR amplification, products containing Illumina Nextera XT overhang sequences undergo library preparation following the Illumina 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library protocol. Deep sequencing is performed on an Illumina Mi-Seq platform. Typically, 200,000 of 250 bp paired-end reads (2×100,000 reads) are generated per amplicon. The reads are analyzed using CRISPResso (Pinello et al., 2016) to calculate the rates of editing. Output alignments are hand-curated to confirm insertion and deletion sites as well as identify microhomology sites at the recombination sites.

TABLE 15 NGS primer binding sites Direction Sequence SEQ ID NO. Forward 5'-ACTTCCTCCAGCC-3' 223 Reverse 5'-GAACCCCGGCTTA-3' 224

Western blotting of cell lysate of transfected cells and control cells using an anti-IDUA antibody is performed to verify expression of the full-length protein and an enzyme activity assay on the cell lysate using substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl a-L-iduronide verifies that the enzyme is catalytically active (Hopwood et al., Clin. Chim. ACta (1979), 92(2): 257-265, incorporated by reference herein). These experiments are performed in comparison with the original Idua^(W402X/W402X) cell line (without transfection), the Idua^(W402X/W402X) cell line transfected with the base editing construct and a random guide sequence, and a cell line expressing wild-type IDUA.

Example 7.4: Disease Treatment Validation in a Murine Model

To verify the efficacy of this therapeutic approach, a mouse model with a nonsense mutation in the analogous amino acid is used. The mouse strain bears a W392X mutation in its Idua gene (Gene ID: 15932) which corresponds to the homologous mutation in Hurler syndrome patients (Bunge et al., (1994), Hum. Mol. Genet. 3(6): 861-866, incorporated by reference herein). This locus comprises a distinct nucleotide sequence relative to that in humans, which lacks the PAM sequence necessary for correction with the base editors described in the previous examples, and thus necessitates design of a distinct fusion protein to perform the nucleotide correction. Amelioration of the disease in this animal can validate the therapeutic approach of correcting the mutation in tissues accessible by a gene delivery vector.

Mice homozygous for this mutation display a number of phenotypic characteristics similar to Hurler syndrome patients. A base editing-RGN fusion protein as described above (Table 12) along with an RNA guide sequence are incorporated into an expression vector that allows protein expression and RNA transcription in mice. A study design is shown below in Table 16. The study includes groups that are treated with a high dose of the expression vector comprising the base-editing fusion protein and RNA guide sequence, a low dose of same expression vector, control which is the model mouse treated with an expression vector that does not comprise the base editing fusion protein or the guide RNA, and a second control which is a wild type mouse treated with the same empty vector.

TABLE 16 Genome editing experiment in murine model Group Mouse strain N Treatment 1 Idua-W392X¹ ≥5 Low dose of vector 2 Idua-W392X ≥5 High dose of vector 3 Idua-W392X ≥5 Vehicle 4 129/Sv (WT) 5 Vehicle

Endpoints to evaluate include body weight, urine GAG excretion, serum IDUA enzymatic activity, IDUA activity in tissues of interest, tissue pathology, genotyping of tissues of interest to verify correction of the SNP, and behavioral and neurological evaluation. Since some endpoints are terminal, additional groups may be added for evaluation of, for example, tissue pathology and tissue IDUA activities before the end of the study. Additional examples of endpoints can be found in published papers establishing Hurler syndrome animal models (Shull et al. (1994), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91(26): 12937-12941; Wang et al. (2010), Mol. Genet. Metab., 99(1): 62-71; Hartung et al. (2004), Mol. Ther., 9(6): 866-875; Liu et al. (2005), Mol. Ther., 11(1): 35-47; Clarke et al. (1997), Hum. Mol. Genet. 6(4): 503-511; all herein incorporated by reference).

One possible delivery vector utilizes the adeno associated virus (AAV). A vector is produced to include a base editor-dRGN fusion protein coding sequence (for example, Nuc-ADAT-Linker-dAPG19748-Linker-SV40, as described above) preceded by a CMV enhancer (SEQ ID NO: 259) and promoter (SEQ ID NO: 258), or other suitable enhancer and promoter combination), optionally a Kozak sequence, and operably fused at the 3′ end to a terminator sequence and a poly-adenylation sequence such as the minimal sequence described in Levitt, N.; Briggs, D.; Gil, A.; Proudfoot, N. J. Definition of an Efficient Synthetic Poly(A) Site. Genes Dev. 1989, 3 (7), 1019-1025. The vector may further comprise an expression cassette encoding for a single guide RNA operably linked at its 5′ end to a human U6 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 260) or another promoter suitable for production of small non-coding RNAs, and further comprising inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences necessary and well-known in the art for packaging into the AAV capsid. Production and viral packaging is performed by standard methods, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,587,250, herein incorporated by reference.

Other possible viral vectors include adenovirus and lentivirus vectors, which are commonly used and would contain similar elements, with different packaging capabilities and requirements. Non-viral delivery methods also be used, such as mRNA and sgRNA encapsulated by lipid nanoparticles (Cullis, P. R. and Allen, T. M. (2013), Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65(1): 36-48; Finn et al. (2018), Cell Rep. 22(9): 2227-2235, both incorporated by reference) hydrodynamic injection of plasmid DNA (Suda T and Liu D,)2007) Mol. Ther. 15(12): 2063-2069, herein incorporated by reference), or ribonucleoprotein complexes of sgRNA and associated with gold nanoparticles (Lee, K.; Conboy, M.; Park, H. M.; Jiang, F.; Kim, H. J.; Dewitt, M. A.; Mackley, V. A.; Chang, K.; Rao, A.; Skinner, C.; et al. Nanoparticle Delivery of Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein and Donor DNA in Vivo Induces Homology-Directed DNA Repair. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2017, 1 (11), 889-90).

Example 7.5: Disease Correction in a Murine Model with a Humanized Locus

To evaluate the efficacy of an identical base editor construct as would be used for human therapy, a mouse model in which the nucleotides near W392 are altered to match the sequence in humans around W402 is needed. This can be accomplished by a variety of techniques, including use of an RGN and an HDR template to cut and replace the locus in mouse embryos.

Due to the high degree of amino acid conservation, most nucleotides in the mouse locus can be altered to those of the human sequence with silent mutations as shown in Table 17. The only base changes resulting in altered coding sequence in the resulting engineered mouse genome occur after the introduced stop codon.

TABLE 17 Nucleotide mutations to generate a humanized mouse locus Human (W402X) Mouse (W392X) Humanized Mouse Nucleotide En- Nucleotide En- Nucleotide En- (SEQ ID coded (SEQ ID coded (SEQ ID coded Feature NO: 225) AA NO: 226) AA NO: 227) AA Proto- G E A G G G spacer G E G E G E A A A G A G C Q C Q C Q A A A G A G C L C L C L T T T C C C T STOP T STOP T STOP A A A G G G G A G A G A C C C C A C G E G E G E A A A A G A G V G V G V T T T G C G T S T S T S C C C G A G PAM, C Q A K C Q non- A A A critical G G G G A G A G A PAM, C C C critical C T C

Upon engineering of this mouse strain, similar experiments will be performed as described in Example 7.4.

Example 8: Targeting Mutations Responsible for Friedreich Ataxia

The expansion of the trinucleotide repeat sequence causing Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA) occurs in a defined genetic locus within the FXN gene, referred to as the FRDA instability region. RNA guided nucleases (RGNs) may be used for excising the instability region in FRDA patient cells. This approach requires 1) an RGN and guide RNA sequence that can be programmed to target the allele in the human genome; and 2) a delivery approach for the RGN and guide sequence. Many nucleases used for genome editing, such as the commonly used Cas9 nuclease from S. pyogenes (SpCas9), are too large to be packaged into adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, especially when considering the length of the SpCas9 gene and the guide RNA in addition to other genetic elements required for functional expression cassettes. This makes a viable approach using SpCas9 unlikely.

Compact RNA guided nucleases of the invention, for example APG03850, are uniquely well suited for the excision of the FRDA instability region. APG03850 has a PAM requirement that is in the vicinity of the FRDA instability region. Additionally, APG03850 can be packaged into an AAV vector along with a guide RNA. Packing two guide RNAs would likely require a second vector, but this approach still compares favorably to what would be required of a larger nuclease such as SpCas9, which would require splitting the protein sequence between two vectors.

Table 18 shows the location of genomic target sequences suitable for targeting APG03850 to the 5′ and 3′ flanks of the FRDA instability region, as well as the sequence of the sgRNAs for the genomic targets. Once at the locus, the RGN would excise the FA instability region. Excision of the region can be verified with Illumina sequencing of the locus.

TABLE 18 Genomic target sequences for RGN systems Genome target Guide Location relative to FRDA sequence sgRNA No. instability region (SEQ ID NO.) (SEQ ID NO.) 1 5′ 228 229 2 5′ 230 231 3 3′ 232 233 4 3′ 234 235

Example 9: Targeting Mutations Responsible for Sickle Cell Diseases

Targeting sequences within the BCL11A enhancer region (SEQ ID NO: 236) may provide a mechanism for increasing fetal hemoglobulin (HbF) to either cure or alleviate the symptoms of sickle cell diseases. For example, genome wide association studies have identified a set of genetic variations at BCL11A that are associated with increased HbF levels. These variations are a collection of SNPs found in non-coding regions of BCL11A that function as a stage-specific, lineage-restricted enhancer region. Further investigation revealed that this BCL11A enhancer is required in erythroid cells for BCL11A expression (Bauer et al, (2013) Science 343:253-257, incorporated by reference herein). The enhancer region was found within intron 2 of the BCL11A gene, and three areas of DNaseI hypersensitivity (often indicative of a chromatin state that is associated with regulatory potential) in intron 2 were identified. These three areas were identified as “+62”, “+58” and “+55” in accordance with the distance in kilobases from the transcription start site of BCL11A. These enhancer regions are roughly 350 (+55); 550 (+58); and 350 (+62) nucleotides in length (Bauer et al., 2013).

Example 9.1: Identifying Preferred RGN Systems

Here we describe a potential treatment for beta-hemoglobinopathies using an RGN system that disrupts BCL11A binding to its binding site within the HBB locus, which is the gene responsible for making beta-globin in adult hemoglobin. This approach uses NHEJ which is more efficient in mammalian cells. In addition, this approach uses a nuclease of sufficiently small size that can be packaged into a single AAV vector for in vivo delivery.

The GATA1 enhancer motif in the human BCL11A enhancer region (SEQ ID NO: 236) is an ideal target for disruption using RNA guided nucleases (RGNs) to reduce BCL11A expression with concurrent re-expression of HbF in adult human erythrocytes (Wu et al. (2019) Nat Med 387:2554). Several PAM sequences compatible with APG03850 or APG09208 are readily apparent at the genetic locus surrounding this GATA1 site. These nucleases have a PAM sequence of 5′-nnnnG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42) and 5′-nnnnC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 62), respectively, and are compact in size, potentially allowing their delivery along with an appropriate guide RNA in a single AAV or adenoviral vector. This delivery approach bestows multiple advantages relative to others, such as access to hematopoietic stem cells and a well-established safety profile and manufacturing techniques.

The commonly used Cas9 nuclease from S. pyogenes (SpyCas9) requires a PAM sequence of 5′-NGG-3′, (SEQ ID NO: 256) several of which are present near the GATA1 motif. However, the size of SpyCas9 prevents packaging into a single AAV or adenoviral vector and thus forgoes the aforementioned advantages of this approach. While a dual delivery strategy may be employed, it would add significant manufacturing complexity and cost. Additionally, dual viral vector delivery significantly decreases the efficiency of gene correction, since a successful edit in a given cell requires infection with both vectors.

An expression cassette encoding a human codon optimized APG03850 or APG09208 is produced, similar to those described in Example 4. Expression cassettes which express guide RNAs for RGNs APG03850 or APG09208 are also produced. These guide RNAs comprise: 1) a protospacer sequence that is complementary to either the non-coding or coding DNA strand within the BCL11A enhancer locus (the target sequence) and 2) an RNA sequence required for association of the guide RNA with the RGN. Because several potential PAM sequences for targeting by APG03850 or APG09208 surround the BCL11A GATA1 enhancer motif, several potential guide RNA constructs are produced to determine the best protospacer sequence that produces robust cleavage and NHEJ mediated disruption of the BCL11A GATA1 enhancer sequence. The target genomic sequences in Table 19 are evaluated to direct the RGN to this locus using the sgRNA provided in Table 19.

TABLE 19 Target Sequences for BCL11A GATA1 enhancer locus using APG03850 or APG09208 Target genomic sequence sgRNA Guide RGN (SEQ ID NO.) (SEQ ID NO.) 1 APG03850 237 238 2 APG03850 239 240 3 APG03850 241 242 4 APG09208 243 244 5 APG09208 245 246 6 APG09208 247 248

To evaluate the efficiency with which APG03850 or APG09208 generates insertions or deletions that disrupt the BCL11A enhancer region, human cell lines such as human embryonic kidney cells (HEK cells) are used. A DNA vector comprising an RGN expression cassette (for example, as described in Example 4) is produced. A separate vector comprising an expression cassette comprising a coding sequence for a guide RNA sequence of Table 16 is also produced. Such an expression cassette may further comprise a human RNA polymerase III U6 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 260), as described in Example 4. Alternatively, a single vector comprising expression cassettes of both the RGN and guide RNA may be used. The vector is introduced into HEK cells using standard techniques such as those described in Example 4, and the cells are cultured for 1-3 days. Following this culture period, genomic DNA is isolated and the frequency of insertions or deletions is determined by using T7 Endonuclease I digestion and/or direct DNA sequencing, as described in Example 4.

A region of DNA encompassing the target BCL11A region is amplified by PCR with primers containing Illumina Nextera XT overhang sequences. These PCR amplicons are either examined for NHEJ formation using T7 Endonuclease I digestion, or undergo library preparation following the Illumina 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library protocol or a similar Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) library preparation. Following deep sequencing, the reads generated are analyzed by CRISPResso to calculate rates of editing. Output alignments are hand-curated to confirm insertion and deletion sites. This analysis identifies the preferred RGN and the corresponding preferred guide RNA (sgRNA). The analysis may result in both APG03850 and APG09208 being equally preferred. Additionally, the analysis may determine there is more than one preferred guide RNA, or that all target genomic sequences in Table 16 are equally preferred.

Example 9.2: Assay for Expression of Fetal Hemoglobin

In this example, APG03850 or APG09208 generated insertions or deletions disrupting the BCL11A enhancer region are assayed for expression of fetal hemoglobin. Healthy human donor CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used. These HSCs are cultured and vector(s) comprising expression cassettes comprising the coding regions of the preferred RGN and the preferred sgRNA are introduced using methods similar to those described in Example 8.1. Following electroporation, these cells are differentiated in vitro into erythrocytes using established protocols (for example, Giarratana et al. (2004) Nat Biotechnology 23:69-74, herein incorporated by reference). The expression of HbF is then measured using western blotting with an anti-human HbF antibody, or quantified via High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). It is expected that successful disruption of the BCL11A enhancer locus will lead to an increase in HbF production when compared to HSCs electroporated with only the RGN but no guide.

Example 9.3: Assay for Decreased Sickle Cell Formation

In this example, APG03850- or APG09208-generated insertions or deletions disrupting the BCL11A enhancer region are assayed for decreased sickle-cell formation. Donor CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from patients afflicted with sickle cell disease are used. These HSCs are cultured and vector(s) comprising expression cassettes comprising the coding regions of preferred RGN and the preferred sgRNA are introduced using methods similar to those described in Example 8.1. Following electroporation, these cells are differentiated in vitro into erythrocytes using established protocols (Giarratana et al. (2004) Nat Biotechnology 23:69-74). The expression of HbF is then measured using western blotting with an anti-human HbF antibody, or quantified via High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). It is expected that successful disruption of the BCL11A enhancer locus will lead to an increase in HbF production when compared to HSCs electroporated with only the RGN but no guide.

Sickle cell formation is induced in these differentiated erythrocytes by the addition of metabisulfite. The numbers of sickled vs normal erythrocytes are counted using a microscope. It is expected that the numbers of sickled cells are less in cells treated with APG03850 or APG09208 plus sgRNAs than with cells untreated, or treated with RGNs alone.

Example 9.4: Disease Treatment Validation in a Murine Model

To evaluate the efficacy of using APG03850 or APG09208 for disruption of the BCL11A locus, suitable humanized mouse models of sickle cell anemia are used. Expression cassettes encoding for the preferred RGN and for the preferred sgRNA are packaged into AAV vectors or adenovirus vectors. In particular, adenovirus type Ad5/35 is effective at targeting HSCs. A suitable mouse model containing a humanized HBB locus with sickle cell alleles is chosen, such as B6; FVB-Tg(LCR-HBA2,LCR-HBB*E26K)53Hhb/J or B6.Cg-Hbatm1Paz Hbbtm1Tow Tg(HBA-HBBs)41Paz/HhbJ. These mice are treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone or in combination with plerixafor to mobilize HSCs into circulation. AAVs or adenoviruses carrying the RGN and guide plasmid are then injected intravenously, and the mice are allowed to recover for a week. Blood obtained from these mice is tested in an in vitro sickling assay using metabisulfite, and the mice are followed longitudinally to monitor mortality rates and hematopoietic function. It is expected that treatment with AAVs or adenoviruses carrying an RGN and guide RNA will reduce sickling, mortality, and improve hematopoietic function when compared to mice treated with viruses lacking both expression cassettes, or with viruses carrying the RGN expression cassette alone.

Example 10: Testing Different Delivery Formats

To determine if the RGNs are capable of delivery in different formats, mRNA and RNP nucleofection delivery was tested with primary T-cells. Purified CD3+ T-cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were thawed, activated using CD3/CD28 beads (ThermoFisher) for 3 days, then nucleofected using the Lonza 4D-Nucleofector X unit and Nucleocuvette strips. The P3 Primary Cell kit was used for both mRNA and RNP delivery. Cells were transfected using the EO-115 and EH-115 programs for mRNA and RNP delivery respectively. Cells were cultured in CTS OpTimizer T cell expansion medium (ThermoFisher) containing IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 (Miltenyi Biotec) for 4 days post nucleofection before being harvested using a Nucleospin Tissue genomic DNA isolation kit (Machery Nagel).

Amplicons surrounding the editing sites were generated by PCR using primers identified in Table 4 and subjected to NGS sequencing using the Illumina Nextera platform using 2×250 bp paired end sequencing following the method in Example 4.

TABLE 20 mRNA and RNP delivery of RGNs in primary T-cells RGN Delivery Method SGN % Editing APG01604 mRNA, Nucleofection SGN001671 1.18 APG01604 mRNA, Nucleofection SGN001673 22.7 APG01604 RNP, Nucleofection SGN001673 0.56 APG01604 mRNA, Nucleofection SGN001674 0.63 APG01604 RNP, Nucleofection SGN001674 0.77 APG01868 mRNA, Nucleofection SGN001684 77.85 APG01868 RNP, Nucleofection SGN001684 83.73 APG01868 mRNA, Nucleofection SGN001691 82.53 APG01868 RNP, Nucleofection SGN001691 80.7 APG01868 mRNA, Nucleofection SGN001692 76.84 APG01868 RNP, Nucleofection SGN001692 86.06 APG01868 mRNA, Nucleofection SGN001785 0.22 APG01868 RNP, Nucleofection SGN001785 0.43

Both mRNA and RNP delivery showed successful editing with APG01868. APG01868 showed successful editing with RNPs at several genomic targets. RNP delivery was limited with APG01604, but showed equal editing rates with mRNA delivery.

Example 11: Base Editor Testing

To determine if APG09298 and APG01604 could perform cytosine base editing in mammalian cells, a cytosine deaminase was operably fused to the nickase version of each RGN to produce a fusion protein. Residues predicted to deactivate the RuvC domain of the RGNs APG09298 and APG01604 were identified and the RGNs were modified to nickase variants. A nickase variant of an RGN is referred to herein as “nRGN”. It should be understood that any nickase variant of an RGN may be used to produce a fusion protein of the invention.

Deaminase and nRGN nucleotide sequences codon optimized for mammalian expression were synthesized as fusion proteins with an N-terminal nuclear localization tag and cloned into the pTwist CMV (Twist Biosciences) expression plasmid. Each fusion protein comprises, starting at the amino terminus, the SV40 NLS (SEQ ID NO: 251) operably linked at the C-terminal end to 3×FLAG Tag (SEQ ID NO: 252), operably linked at the C-terminal end to a deaminase (APG05840), operably linked at the C-terminal end to a peptide linker, operably linked at the C-terminal end to the nRGN (nAPG09298 or nAPG01604), operably linked at the C-terminal end to a peptide linker, operably linked at the C-terminal end to a uracil stabilizing protein (USP2 set forth as SEQ ID NO: 1089), finally operably linked at the C-terminal end to the nucleoplasmin NLS (SEQ ID NO: 253). The amino acid sequence of the APG05840-nAPG09298-USP2 and APG05840-nAPG01604-USP2 fusion proteins are set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 1090 and 1091, respectively.

Expression plasmids comprising an expression cassette encoding a sgRNA were also produced. Human genomic target sequences and the sgRNA sequences for guiding the fusion proteins to the genomic targets are indicated in Table 3 and the primers for amplification of the genomic region are listed in Table 4. The same methods in Example 4 for plasmid delivery to mammalian cells and amplicon sequencing were used to test the base editing capabilities of these RGNs when tethered to a cytosine deaminase.

TABLE 21 Estimated Base Editing Rates for each RGN tested Construct Target % Mutated Reads APG05840- SGN001159 6.96 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001159 9.91 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001162 21.59 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001162 27.05 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001163 17.85 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001163 20.74 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001164 4.74 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001164 7.89 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001165 31.99 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001165 62.47 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001166 23.49 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001166 29.56 nAPG09298-USP2 APG05840- SGN001245 9.67 nAPG01604-USP2 APG05840- SGN001246 1.4 nAPG01604-USP2 APG05840- SGN001249 1.72 nAPG01604-USP2 APG05840- SGN001250 13.41 nAPG01604-USP2 APG05840- SGN001251 0.87 nAPG01604-USP2 APG05840- SGN001252 4.28 nAPG01604-USP2

Example 12: Off Target Analysis

To assess the specificity of the nucleases, off target editing was determined at potential sites identified via bioinformatics. Potential off target sites for APG01604 were identified by targets with less than five mismatches in the target sequence and at least one residue match in the PAM sequence.

The same methods as those described in Example 4 for plasmid delivery to mammalian cells and amplicon sequencing were used to test the specificity and off target editing of APG01604. From the same experiment where the SGNs in Table 22 were tested for on target editing, the potential off target locations in Table 23 were assayed for potential editing. The primers in Table 24 were used to amplify potential off target sites with sequence similarity to the on target site to look for off target editing.

TABLE 22 SGNs used to look for off target editing On Target Forward Primer On Target Reverse Primer SGN Gene (SEQ ID NO) (SEQ ID NO) SGN001675 TRA CCCTTGTCCATCACTGGCAT ACCAAAGCTGCCCTTACCTG (1096) (1097) SGN001594 B2M CCTTAATGTGCCTCCAGCCT AGGAGAGACTCACGCTGGAT (1092) (1093) SGN001674 TRA CCCTTGTCCATCACTGGCAT ACCAAAGCTGCCCTTACCTG (1094) (1095)

TABLE 23 Off target sequences assayed Off  SEQ  Target  Off target  ID  SGN Number locus sequence NO SGN001594 1594-2 AGCACAGCTAAGGCCTAAAGTTGAA 1098 SGN001594 1594-3 AGCACAGCTAAGGCACCGGATTGGA 1099 SGN001594 1594-4 AGCACAGCCAAGGCCAAGGGCTGAC 1100 SGN001594 1594-5 AGCAGAGCTAAGGCCAAGGCAGGTG 1101 SGN001594 1594-6 GGCACAGCTAAGGCCAGCAGTGGCC 1102 SGN001674 1674-2 GTCTCTGAGCTGGTACATGGCAGAG 1103 SGN001674 1674-3 GTCTTTTAGCTGGTACACGTGTGTC 1104 SGN001675 1675-2 AGAAGATTTGTCACTGGATTCTGAG 1105 SGN001675 1675-3 AGGACACTTGTCACTGGATTTAGGA 1106 SGN001675 1675-4 AGGACACTTGTCACTGGATTTAGGA 1107 SGN001675 1675-5 TGAGGACTTGTCACTGGATTCAGGG 1108 SGN001675 1675-6 AGGAGACTTTTCACTGGATTTAGGG 1109 SGN001675 1675-7 TGGACACTTGTCACTGGATTTAGGG 1110 SGN001675 1675-8 CACAGACTTGTCACTGGATGTGGGG 1111 SGN001675 1675-9 TACAGACATGTCACTGGATCTGGAA 1112 SGN001675 1675-10 AACACACTTGTCATTGGATTTAGGG 1113 SGN001675 1675-11 TACAGACTGGTCACTGGATGCTGGT 1114 SGN001675 1675-12 AGGACACTTGTCACTGGATTTAGCA 1115 SGN001675 1675-13 CTAAGACTTGTTACTGGATTGTGTG 1116 SGN001675 1675-14 CTCAGACTGGTCACTGGATAATGTA 1117

TABLE 24 Primers used to amplify off target regions Description Primer sequence SEQ ID NO 1594-2 FWD CCAGAAGCCAGCAGATGACA 1118 1594-2 REV GAGTGGTGGGCTCTCAATCC 1119 1594-3 FWD AGCAACACCATCCAAAGGTT 1120 1594-3 REV GGGAGTGATGATAATGCGGG 1121 1594-4 FWD TGGACTAGAGAGGGTTGGGG 1122 1594-4 REV TCTCTTTCCACGAGCAGCAG 1123 1594-5 FWD GCCTTTGACCTTCCCAGATT 1124 1594-5 REV ACCATTGGAAAGGTGGATGC 1125 1594-6 FWD GGCTTCAGGCTTTCCTCTGT 1126 1594-6 REV AGCATGCTGGCCTAAAGTGA 1127 1674-2 FWD ACCATTGGTCTGCTCAGGTG 1128 1674-2 REV CCAAAACCTGCAGTGGCTTC 1129 1674-3 FWD GGAGAGGAACTGGGCATGAG 1130 1674-3 REV TCCGTCTCTCCTAGGTCTGC 1131 1675-2 FWD CCATGACTGGCCCTTCTGTT 1132 1675-2 REV GGGTAGAGTACATGGCGACG 1133 1675-3 FWD CCCTCCCACCAGAAGCTCTA 1134 1675-3 REV GATAAGAGGCCCAAGGACCG 1135 1675-4 FWD CACTTGACACGTGAGCCTCT 1136 1675-4 REV CCTCTTTCAGCCTCTGGTGG 1137 1675-5 FWD GACAGACTTGGTTCTGCCCT 1138 1675-5 REV CCTCCCCTCCTTCCTAGCTT 1139 1675-6 FWD TGCTGTAGTGGGTCGAACAG 1140 1675-6 REV TTTCACCATGCTGGCTAGGC 1141 1675-7 FWD CCCAGCCACATGGAACTAAG 1142 1675-7 REV GGACCCTAGGAGTTCCTTGT 1143 1675-8 FWD GCAGGTTGATAGGGAAGAGC 1144 1675-8 REV TCATCTCCCAGCTGATGACA 1145 1675-9 FWD CCACCTGTTGCACAAATCCG 1146 1675-9 REV TCCTCCCCTGGGAACATGAT 1147 1675-10 FWD GAGGTACTGGGAGTGGGGAT 1148 1675-10 REV CTTCCTGCCTCTTCCAGCTC 1149 1675-11 FWD GCACAGCTTTTGTCATGGGG 1150 1675-11 REV GGGGATGAGAAAACAGAGCCA 1151 1675-12 FWD CCATGCCCCATTCTGAAGGT 1152 1675-12 REV TTCCCCTCCTCTAGACTGCC 1153 1675-13 FWD CTTGAGCCCAGGAGTTTGAG 1154 1675-13 REV TGCATTCTTGGGATGACCTC 1155 1675-14 FWD ACTGCTTTTCCCTGGACACA 1156 1675-14 REV GGTCACAAGTCCCACTGGTC 1157

Using plasmid delivery, there was no detectable off target editing at two of the three guides tested. One off target site for SGN001675, 1675-8, showed 2% editing at the off target locus. There was duplication of 132 bp of the genomic region at the cut site in the NGS reads. Two off target sites, 1675-7 and 1675-13, were unable to be sequenced due to poor primer amplification.

TABLE 25 Off Target Editing for SGN001594 and APG08167 Total Total Total Off target Mismatches Mismatches Matches in Number in Target in Seed PAM % Editing SGN001594 0 0 3 42.79 1594-2 2 2 3 0 1594-3 2 2 3 0.01 1594-4 2 1 2 0 1594-5 3 2 2 0 1594-6 2 1 1 0

TABLE 26 Off Target Editing for SGN001675 and APG08167 Total Total Total Offtarget Mismatches Mismatches Matches in Number in Target in Seed PAM % Editing SGN001675 0 0 3 33.115 1675-8 2 1 3 2.02 1675-5 4 0 3 0.06 1675-10 3 1 3 0.03 1675-12 4 0 2 0.02 1675-6 4 0 3 0 1675-2 4 0 3 0 1675-3 4 0 3 0 1675-4 4 0 3 0 1675-9 3 1 3 0 1675-11 2 0 2 0 1675-14 4 1 2 0 1675-13 4 0 2 Issue sequencing 1675-7 4 0 3 Issue sequencing

TABLE 27 Off Target Editing for SGN001674 and APG08167 Total Total Total Offtarget Mismatches Mismatches Matches in Number in Target in Seed PAM % Editing SGN001674 0 0 3 52.17 1674-2 2 1 3 0 1674-3 2 0 1 0.03

Example 13: Guide RNA Backbone Variant Testing

APG08167 and APG01604 are approximately 62.72% identical, but recognize the same PAM, share the same crRNA, and have a closely related tracrRNA sequence. Because of the similarity of the guide RNA sequences, all data previously generated for APG01604 used the APG08167 tracrRNA backbone. These studies were performed to confirm that the APG01604 protein is more active with a tracrRNA encoded in the APG08167 genome (the native APG08167 tracrRNA). Different spacer lengths in the crRNA were also tested to determine if the APG01604 protein prefers a 20 or 25 base pair spacer sequence.

To do this, synthetic crRNAs with six different target sequences that contained a 20 or 25 base pair target were generated. The different crRNAs were combinatorially combined with a synthetic tracrRNA from the APG08167 or APG01604 genome. RNPs were formed and the RNP complexes were nucleofected into HEK293T cells. The standard methods in Example 4 were used for determining the editing rate in cells.

TABLE 28 crRNA Sequences Gene Spacer Spacer Length SEQ ID NO B2M A 20 1158 B 20 1159 C 20 1160 D 20 1161 A 25 1162 B 25 1163 C 25 1164 D 25 1165 TRA E 20 1166 F 20 1167 E 25 1168 F 25 1169

TABLE 29 tracrRNA Sequences tracrRNA SEQ ID NO APG08167 tracrRNA 1170 APG01604 tracrRNA 1171

TABLE 30 Sequencing Primer Sequences Primer SEQ ID NO TRAC Left Primer 1170 TRAC Right Primer 1171 B2M Left Primer 1172 B2M Right Primer 1173

TABLE 31 Editing results for APG01604 backbone and target length testing Spacer Editing Gene Spacer Length Backbone efficiency (%) B2M A 20 APG01604 tr 0.21 B 20 APG01604 tr 0.08 C 20 APG01604 tr 0.27 D 20 APG01604 tr 0.17 A 25 APG01604 tr 0.15 B 25 APG01604 tr 0 C 25 APG01604 tr 1.33 D 25 APG01604 tr 0.31 A 20 APG08167 tr 6.58 B 20 APG08167 tr 1.75 C 20 APG08167 tr 6.99 D 20 APG08167 tr 64.6 A 25 APG08167 tr 22.7 B 25 APG08167 tr 2.36 C 25 APG08167 tr 52.51 D 25 APG08167 tr 82.58 TRA E 20 APG01604 tr 0.05 F 20 APG01604 tr 0.01 E 25 APG01604 tr 0.02 F 25 APG01604 tr 0.01 

That which is claimed:
 1. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide encoding an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide, wherein said polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding an RGN polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein said RGN polypeptide is capable of binding a target DNA sequence in an RNA-guided sequence specific manner when bound to a guide RNA (gRNA) capable of hybridizing to said target DNA sequence, and wherein said polynucleotide encoding an RGN polypeptide is operably linked to a promoter heterologous to said polynucleotide.
 2. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 83. 3. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said RGN polypeptide is nuclease inactive or is a nickase.
 4. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule further comprises a polynucleotide encoding a base-editing polypeptide operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the RGN polypeptide.
 5. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the RGN polypeptide comprises one or more nuclear localization signals.
 6. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide encoding the RGN polypeptide is codon optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
 7. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 1. 8. The vector of claim 7, further comprising at least one nucleotide sequence encoding said gRNA capable of hybridizing to said target DNA sequence.
 9. The vector of claim 7, wherein the gRNA is selected from: a) a gRNA comprising: i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 85; or b) a gRNA comprising: i) a CRISPR RNA comprising a CRISPR repeat sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 84; and ii) a tracrRNA having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 78. 10. A cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 1. 11. A method for cleaving and/or modifying a target DNA sequence of a DNA molecule, comprising contacting the DNA molecule with: a) an RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1; and b) one or more guide RNAs capable of targeting the RGN polypeptide of (a) to the target DNA sequence; wherein the one or more guide RNAs hybridize to the target DNA sequence, thereby directing said RGN polypeptide to bind to said target DNA sequence and cleavage and/or modification of said target DNA sequence occurs.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein cleavage by said RGN polypeptide generates a double-stranded break.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein cleavage by said RGN polypeptide generates a single-stranded break.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said modified target DNA sequence comprises deletion of at least one nucleotide from the target DNA sequence.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said modified target DNA sequence comprises mutation of at least one nucleotide in the target DNA sequence.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein said RGN comprises the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:
 83. 17. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO:83.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein said RGN polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO:83. 